SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage and Key Public Health Indicators May Explain Disparities in COVID-19 Country-Specific Case Fatality Rate Within European Economic Area
Aim To investigate the reasons for disparity regarding the country-specific COVID-19-related case fatality rate (CFR) within the 30 countries of the European Economic Area (EEA). Materials and methods Data regarding population, area, COVID-19-associated infections/deaths, vaccination, life expectanc...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8994019 2023-05-15T16:52:07+02:00 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage and Key Public Health Indicators May Explain Disparities in COVID-19 Country-Specific Case Fatality Rate Within European Economic Area Papadopoulos, Vasileios P Emmanouilidou, Anatoli Yerou, Marios Panagaris, Stefanos Souleiman, Chousein Varela, Despoina Avramidou, Peny Melissopoulou, Evangelia Pappas, Chrysostomos Iliadou, Zoi Piperopoulos, Ilias Somadis, Vasileios Partsalidis, Anestis Metaxa, Eleni Feresiadis, Ioannis Filippou, Dimitrios 2022-03-09 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8994019/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35415037 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22989 en eng Cureus http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8994019/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35415037 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22989 Copyright © 2022, Papadopoulos et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. CC-BY Cureus Infectious Disease Text 2022 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22989 2022-04-17T00:49:17Z Aim To investigate the reasons for disparity regarding the country-specific COVID-19-related case fatality rate (CFR) within the 30 countries of the European Economic Area (EEA). Materials and methods Data regarding population, area, COVID-19-associated infections/deaths, vaccination, life expectancy, elderly population, infant mortality, gender disparity, urbanization, gross domestic product (GDP), income per capita, health spending per capita, physicians, nursing personnel, hospital beds, ICU beds, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking from all EEA countries were collected from official sources on January 16, 2022. Correlation coefficients were computed, and optimal scaling using ridge regression was used to reach the most parsimonious multivariate model assessing any potential independent correlation of public health parameters with COVID-19 CFR. Results COVID-19 CFR ranges from 0.1% (Iceland) to 4.0% (Bulgaria). All parameters but population density, GDP, total health spending (% of GDP), ICU beds, diabetes, and obesity were correlated with COVID-19 CFR. In the most parsimonious multivariate model, elderly population rate (P = 0.018), males/total ratio (P = 0.013), nurses/hospital beds (P = 0.001), physicians/hospital beds (P = 0.026), public health spending (P = 0.013), smoking rate (P = 0.013), and unvaccinated population rate (P = 0.00005) were demonstrated to present independent correlation with COVID-19 CFR. In detail, the COVID-19 CFR is estimated to increase by 1.24 times in countries with vaccination rate of <0.34, 1.11 times in countries with an elderly population rate of ≥0.20, 1.14 times in countries with male ratio values ≥0.493, 1.12 times in countries spending <2,000$ annually per capita for public health, 1.14 and 1.10 times in countries with <2.30 nurses and <0.88 physicians per hospital bed, respectively, and 1.12 in countries with smoking ratio ≥0.22, while holding all other independent variables of the model constant. Conclusion COVID-19 CFR varies substantially among ... Text Iceland PubMed Central (PMC) Cureus |
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Infectious Disease Papadopoulos, Vasileios P Emmanouilidou, Anatoli Yerou, Marios Panagaris, Stefanos Souleiman, Chousein Varela, Despoina Avramidou, Peny Melissopoulou, Evangelia Pappas, Chrysostomos Iliadou, Zoi Piperopoulos, Ilias Somadis, Vasileios Partsalidis, Anestis Metaxa, Eleni Feresiadis, Ioannis Filippou, Dimitrios SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage and Key Public Health Indicators May Explain Disparities in COVID-19 Country-Specific Case Fatality Rate Within European Economic Area |
topic_facet |
Infectious Disease |
description |
Aim To investigate the reasons for disparity regarding the country-specific COVID-19-related case fatality rate (CFR) within the 30 countries of the European Economic Area (EEA). Materials and methods Data regarding population, area, COVID-19-associated infections/deaths, vaccination, life expectancy, elderly population, infant mortality, gender disparity, urbanization, gross domestic product (GDP), income per capita, health spending per capita, physicians, nursing personnel, hospital beds, ICU beds, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking from all EEA countries were collected from official sources on January 16, 2022. Correlation coefficients were computed, and optimal scaling using ridge regression was used to reach the most parsimonious multivariate model assessing any potential independent correlation of public health parameters with COVID-19 CFR. Results COVID-19 CFR ranges from 0.1% (Iceland) to 4.0% (Bulgaria). All parameters but population density, GDP, total health spending (% of GDP), ICU beds, diabetes, and obesity were correlated with COVID-19 CFR. In the most parsimonious multivariate model, elderly population rate (P = 0.018), males/total ratio (P = 0.013), nurses/hospital beds (P = 0.001), physicians/hospital beds (P = 0.026), public health spending (P = 0.013), smoking rate (P = 0.013), and unvaccinated population rate (P = 0.00005) were demonstrated to present independent correlation with COVID-19 CFR. In detail, the COVID-19 CFR is estimated to increase by 1.24 times in countries with vaccination rate of <0.34, 1.11 times in countries with an elderly population rate of ≥0.20, 1.14 times in countries with male ratio values ≥0.493, 1.12 times in countries spending <2,000$ annually per capita for public health, 1.14 and 1.10 times in countries with <2.30 nurses and <0.88 physicians per hospital bed, respectively, and 1.12 in countries with smoking ratio ≥0.22, while holding all other independent variables of the model constant. Conclusion COVID-19 CFR varies substantially among ... |
format |
Text |
author |
Papadopoulos, Vasileios P Emmanouilidou, Anatoli Yerou, Marios Panagaris, Stefanos Souleiman, Chousein Varela, Despoina Avramidou, Peny Melissopoulou, Evangelia Pappas, Chrysostomos Iliadou, Zoi Piperopoulos, Ilias Somadis, Vasileios Partsalidis, Anestis Metaxa, Eleni Feresiadis, Ioannis Filippou, Dimitrios |
author_facet |
Papadopoulos, Vasileios P Emmanouilidou, Anatoli Yerou, Marios Panagaris, Stefanos Souleiman, Chousein Varela, Despoina Avramidou, Peny Melissopoulou, Evangelia Pappas, Chrysostomos Iliadou, Zoi Piperopoulos, Ilias Somadis, Vasileios Partsalidis, Anestis Metaxa, Eleni Feresiadis, Ioannis Filippou, Dimitrios |
author_sort |
Papadopoulos, Vasileios P |
title |
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage and Key Public Health Indicators May Explain Disparities in COVID-19 Country-Specific Case Fatality Rate Within European Economic Area |
title_short |
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage and Key Public Health Indicators May Explain Disparities in COVID-19 Country-Specific Case Fatality Rate Within European Economic Area |
title_full |
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage and Key Public Health Indicators May Explain Disparities in COVID-19 Country-Specific Case Fatality Rate Within European Economic Area |
title_fullStr |
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage and Key Public Health Indicators May Explain Disparities in COVID-19 Country-Specific Case Fatality Rate Within European Economic Area |
title_full_unstemmed |
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Coverage and Key Public Health Indicators May Explain Disparities in COVID-19 Country-Specific Case Fatality Rate Within European Economic Area |
title_sort |
sars-cov-2 vaccination coverage and key public health indicators may explain disparities in covid-19 country-specific case fatality rate within european economic area |
publisher |
Cureus |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8994019/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35415037 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22989 |
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Iceland |
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Iceland |
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Cureus |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8994019/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35415037 http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22989 |
op_rights |
Copyright © 2022, Papadopoulos et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
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CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.22989 |
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Cureus |
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