Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Shedding from Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Virus Quantification in Seawater
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection is currently detected by fish sampling for PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis. As an alternative to sampling fish, we evaluated two different membrane filters in combination with four buffers for elution, concentration, and detection of ISAV in seaw...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8471646 2023-05-15T15:31:19+02:00 Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Shedding from Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Virus Quantification in Seawater Weli, Simon Chioma Bernhardt, Lisa-Victoria Qviller, Lars Dale, Ole Bendik Lillehaug, Atle 2021-09-04 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8471646/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34578351 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091770 en eng MDPI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8471646/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34578351 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091770 © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). CC-BY Viruses Article Text 2021 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091770 2021-10-03T01:11:02Z Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection is currently detected by fish sampling for PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis. As an alternative to sampling fish, we evaluated two different membrane filters in combination with four buffers for elution, concentration, and detection of ISAV in seawater, during a bath challenge of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts with high and low concentrations of ISAV. Transmission of ISAV in the bath challenge was confirmed by a high mortality, clinical signs associated with ISA disease, and detection of ISAV RNA in organ tissues and seawater samples. The electronegatively charged filter, combined with lysis buffer, gave significantly higher ISAV RNA detection by droplet digital PCR from seawater (5.6 × 10(4) ISAV RNA copies/L; p < 0.001). Viral shedding in seawater was first detected at two days post-challenge and peaked on day 11 post-challenge, one day before mortalities started in fish challenged with high dose ISAV, demonstrating that a large viral shedding event occurs before death. These data provide important information for ISAV shedding that is relevant for the development of improved surveillance tools based on water samples, transmission models, and management of ISA. Text Atlantic salmon Salmo salar PubMed Central (PMC) Viruses 13 9 1770 |
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Article Weli, Simon Chioma Bernhardt, Lisa-Victoria Qviller, Lars Dale, Ole Bendik Lillehaug, Atle Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Shedding from Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Virus Quantification in Seawater |
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Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection is currently detected by fish sampling for PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis. As an alternative to sampling fish, we evaluated two different membrane filters in combination with four buffers for elution, concentration, and detection of ISAV in seawater, during a bath challenge of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts with high and low concentrations of ISAV. Transmission of ISAV in the bath challenge was confirmed by a high mortality, clinical signs associated with ISA disease, and detection of ISAV RNA in organ tissues and seawater samples. The electronegatively charged filter, combined with lysis buffer, gave significantly higher ISAV RNA detection by droplet digital PCR from seawater (5.6 × 10(4) ISAV RNA copies/L; p < 0.001). Viral shedding in seawater was first detected at two days post-challenge and peaked on day 11 post-challenge, one day before mortalities started in fish challenged with high dose ISAV, demonstrating that a large viral shedding event occurs before death. These data provide important information for ISAV shedding that is relevant for the development of improved surveillance tools based on water samples, transmission models, and management of ISA. |
format |
Text |
author |
Weli, Simon Chioma Bernhardt, Lisa-Victoria Qviller, Lars Dale, Ole Bendik Lillehaug, Atle |
author_facet |
Weli, Simon Chioma Bernhardt, Lisa-Victoria Qviller, Lars Dale, Ole Bendik Lillehaug, Atle |
author_sort |
Weli, Simon Chioma |
title |
Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Shedding from Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Virus Quantification in Seawater |
title_short |
Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Shedding from Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Virus Quantification in Seawater |
title_full |
Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Shedding from Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Virus Quantification in Seawater |
title_fullStr |
Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Shedding from Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Virus Quantification in Seawater |
title_full_unstemmed |
Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Shedding from Infected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)—Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Virus Quantification in Seawater |
title_sort |
infectious salmon anemia virus shedding from infected atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.)—application of a droplet digital pcr assay for virus quantification in seawater |
publisher |
MDPI |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8471646/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34578351 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091770 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
Viruses |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8471646/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34578351 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091770 |
op_rights |
© 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091770 |
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Viruses |
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