Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber
[Image: see text] Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to inv...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8296678 2023-05-15T15:01:49+02:00 Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber Garnett, Jack Halsall, Crispin Thomas, Max Crabeck, Odile France, James Joerss, Hanna Ebinghaus, Ralf Kaiser, Jan Leeson, Amber Wynn, Peter M. 2021-06-03 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8296678/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34080838 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 en eng American Chemical Society http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8296678/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34080838 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 © 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). CC-BY Environ Sci Technol Text 2021 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 2021-07-25T00:53:32Z [Image: see text] Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the uptake, distribution, and release of 10 PFAS of varying carbon chain length (C(4)–C(12)) in young sea ice grown from artificial seawater (NaClsolution). We show that PFAS are incorporated into bulk sea ice during ice formation and regression analyses for individual PFAS concentrations in bulk sea ice were linearly related to salinity (r(2) = 0.30 to 0.88, n = 18, p < 0.05). This shows that their distribution is strongly governed by the presence and dynamics of brine (high salinity water) within the sea ice. Furthermore, long-chain PFAS (C(8)–C(12)), were enriched in bulk ice up to 3-fold more than short-chain PFAS (C(4)–C(7)) and NaCl. This suggests that chemical partitioning of PFAS between the different phases of sea ice also plays a role in their uptake during its formation. During sea ice melt, initial meltwater fractions were highly saline and predominantly contained short-chain PFAS, whereas the later, fresher meltwater fractions predominantly contained long-chain PFAS. Our results demonstrate that in highly saline parts of sea ice (near the upper and lower interfaces and in brine channels) significant chemical enrichment (ε) of PFAS can occur with concentrations in brine channels greatly exceeding those in seawater from which it forms (e.g., for PFOA, ε(brine) = 10 ± 4). This observation has implications for biological exposure to PFAS present in brine channels, a common feature of first-year sea ice which is the dominant ice type in a warming Arctic. Text Arctic Sea ice PubMed Central (PMC) Arctic Environmental Science & Technology 55 14 9601 9608 |
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[Image: see text] Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the uptake, distribution, and release of 10 PFAS of varying carbon chain length (C(4)–C(12)) in young sea ice grown from artificial seawater (NaClsolution). We show that PFAS are incorporated into bulk sea ice during ice formation and regression analyses for individual PFAS concentrations in bulk sea ice were linearly related to salinity (r(2) = 0.30 to 0.88, n = 18, p < 0.05). This shows that their distribution is strongly governed by the presence and dynamics of brine (high salinity water) within the sea ice. Furthermore, long-chain PFAS (C(8)–C(12)), were enriched in bulk ice up to 3-fold more than short-chain PFAS (C(4)–C(7)) and NaCl. This suggests that chemical partitioning of PFAS between the different phases of sea ice also plays a role in their uptake during its formation. During sea ice melt, initial meltwater fractions were highly saline and predominantly contained short-chain PFAS, whereas the later, fresher meltwater fractions predominantly contained long-chain PFAS. Our results demonstrate that in highly saline parts of sea ice (near the upper and lower interfaces and in brine channels) significant chemical enrichment (ε) of PFAS can occur with concentrations in brine channels greatly exceeding those in seawater from which it forms (e.g., for PFOA, ε(brine) = 10 ± 4). This observation has implications for biological exposure to PFAS present in brine channels, a common feature of first-year sea ice which is the dominant ice type in a warming Arctic. |
format |
Text |
author |
Garnett, Jack Halsall, Crispin Thomas, Max Crabeck, Odile France, James Joerss, Hanna Ebinghaus, Ralf Kaiser, Jan Leeson, Amber Wynn, Peter M. |
spellingShingle |
Garnett, Jack Halsall, Crispin Thomas, Max Crabeck, Odile France, James Joerss, Hanna Ebinghaus, Ralf Kaiser, Jan Leeson, Amber Wynn, Peter M. Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber |
author_facet |
Garnett, Jack Halsall, Crispin Thomas, Max Crabeck, Odile France, James Joerss, Hanna Ebinghaus, Ralf Kaiser, Jan Leeson, Amber Wynn, Peter M. |
author_sort |
Garnett, Jack |
title |
Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber |
title_short |
Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber |
title_full |
Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber |
title_fullStr |
Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber |
title_full_unstemmed |
Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber |
title_sort |
investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (pfas) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber |
publisher |
American Chemical Society |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8296678/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34080838 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 |
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Arctic |
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Arctic |
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Arctic Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Sea ice |
op_source |
Environ Sci Technol |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8296678/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34080838 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 |
op_rights |
© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 |
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Environmental Science & Technology |
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55 |
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14 |
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9601 |
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9608 |
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1766333816615469056 |