Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska
Many Northeast (NE) Pacific fishes and invertebrates survived Pleistocene glaciations in northern refugia, but the extent that kelps survived in northern areas is uncertain. Here, we test the hypothesis that populations of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) persisted in the Gulf of Alaska during ice‐...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8093666 2023-05-15T15:43:57+02:00 Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska Grant, William Stewart Chenoweth, Erica 2021-03-19 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8093666/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33976839 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 en eng John Wiley and Sons Inc. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8093666/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33976839 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 © 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. CC-BY Ecol Evol Original Research Text 2021 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 2021-05-16T00:30:51Z Many Northeast (NE) Pacific fishes and invertebrates survived Pleistocene glaciations in northern refugia, but the extent that kelps survived in northern areas is uncertain. Here, we test the hypothesis that populations of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) persisted in the Gulf of Alaska during ice‐age maxima when the western margin of the Cordilleran ice sheet covered coastal areas around the NE Pacific Ocean. We estimated genetic diversities within and phylogeographical relationships among 14 populations along 2,800 km in the NE Pacific and Bering Sea with partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA 5′‐cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI, bp = 624, n = 543), chloroplast DNA ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit‐3′ (rbcL, bp = 735, n = 514), and 11 microsatellite loci. Concatenated sequences of rbcL and COI showed moderate levels of within‐population genetic diversity (mean h = 0.200) but substantial differences among populations (Φ(ST) = 0.834, p < .0001). Microsatellites showed moderate levels of heterozygosity within populations (mean H (E) = 0.391). Kelps in the same organellar lineage tended to cluster together, regardless of geographic origins, as indicated in a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of microsatellite genotypes. The PCoA also showed evidence of nuclear hybridizations between co‐occurring organellar lineages. Individual admixture plots with population clusters of K = 2, 6, and 9 showed increasing complexity with considerable historical admixture between some clusters. A time‐calibrated phylogeny placed divergences between rbcL‐COI lineages at 1.4 million years at most. The time frames of mutation in the rbcL‐COI lineages and microsatellite population clusters differed among locations. The existence of ancient lineages in the Gulf of Alaska, moderate levels of genetic diversity, and the absence of departures from neutrality are consistent with northern refugia during multiple Croll‐Milankovitch climate cycles in the Pleistocene Epoch. Text Bering Sea Ice Sheet Alaska PubMed Central (PMC) Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska Pacific Ecology and Evolution 11 9 4670 4687 |
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PubMed Central (PMC) |
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language |
English |
topic |
Original Research |
spellingShingle |
Original Research Grant, William Stewart Chenoweth, Erica Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
topic_facet |
Original Research |
description |
Many Northeast (NE) Pacific fishes and invertebrates survived Pleistocene glaciations in northern refugia, but the extent that kelps survived in northern areas is uncertain. Here, we test the hypothesis that populations of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) persisted in the Gulf of Alaska during ice‐age maxima when the western margin of the Cordilleran ice sheet covered coastal areas around the NE Pacific Ocean. We estimated genetic diversities within and phylogeographical relationships among 14 populations along 2,800 km in the NE Pacific and Bering Sea with partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA 5′‐cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI, bp = 624, n = 543), chloroplast DNA ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit‐3′ (rbcL, bp = 735, n = 514), and 11 microsatellite loci. Concatenated sequences of rbcL and COI showed moderate levels of within‐population genetic diversity (mean h = 0.200) but substantial differences among populations (Φ(ST) = 0.834, p < .0001). Microsatellites showed moderate levels of heterozygosity within populations (mean H (E) = 0.391). Kelps in the same organellar lineage tended to cluster together, regardless of geographic origins, as indicated in a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of microsatellite genotypes. The PCoA also showed evidence of nuclear hybridizations between co‐occurring organellar lineages. Individual admixture plots with population clusters of K = 2, 6, and 9 showed increasing complexity with considerable historical admixture between some clusters. A time‐calibrated phylogeny placed divergences between rbcL‐COI lineages at 1.4 million years at most. The time frames of mutation in the rbcL‐COI lineages and microsatellite population clusters differed among locations. The existence of ancient lineages in the Gulf of Alaska, moderate levels of genetic diversity, and the absence of departures from neutrality are consistent with northern refugia during multiple Croll‐Milankovitch climate cycles in the Pleistocene Epoch. |
format |
Text |
author |
Grant, William Stewart Chenoweth, Erica |
author_facet |
Grant, William Stewart Chenoweth, Erica |
author_sort |
Grant, William Stewart |
title |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_short |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_full |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_fullStr |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_full_unstemmed |
Phylogeography of sugar kelp: Northern ice‐age refugia in the Gulf of Alaska |
title_sort |
phylogeography of sugar kelp: northern ice‐age refugia in the gulf of alaska |
publisher |
John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8093666/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33976839 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 |
geographic |
Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska Pacific |
genre |
Bering Sea Ice Sheet Alaska |
genre_facet |
Bering Sea Ice Sheet Alaska |
op_source |
Ecol Evol |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8093666/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33976839 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 |
op_rights |
© 2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7368 |
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Ecology and Evolution |
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11 |
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9 |
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4670 |
op_container_end_page |
4687 |
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