Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties
In 2023, new legislation will ban the use of animals in the cosmetic industry worldwide. This fact, together with ethical considerations concerning the use of animals or humans in scientific research, highlights the need to propose new alternatives for replacing their use. The aim of this study is t...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8038782 2023-05-15T18:20:07+02:00 Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties Guerle-Cavero, Rocío Lleal-Fontàs, Blanca Balfagón-Costa, Albert 2021-04-06 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038782/ https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071807 en eng MDPI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038782/ http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071807 © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). CC-BY Materials (Basel) Article Text 2021 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071807 2021-04-18T00:42:32Z In 2023, new legislation will ban the use of animals in the cosmetic industry worldwide. This fact, together with ethical considerations concerning the use of animals or humans in scientific research, highlights the need to propose new alternatives for replacing their use. The aim of this study is to create a tri-layered chitosan membrane ionically crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in order to simulate the number of layers in human skin. The current article highlights the creation of a membrane where pores were induced by a novel method. Swelling index, pore creation, and mechanical property measurements revealed that the swelling index of chitosan membranes decreased and, their pore formation and elasticity increased with an increase in the Deacetylation Grade (DDA). Additionally, the results demonstrate that chitosan’s origin can influence the elastic modulus value and reproducibility, with higher values being obtained with seashell than snow crab or shrimp shells. Furthermore, the data show that the addition of each layer, until reaching three layers, increases the elastic modulus. Moreover, if layers are crosslinked, the elastic modulus increases to a much greater extent. The characterization of three kinds of chitosan membranes was performed to find the most suitable material for studying different human skin properties. Text Snow crab PubMed Central (PMC) Materials 14 7 1807 |
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Article Guerle-Cavero, Rocío Lleal-Fontàs, Blanca Balfagón-Costa, Albert Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties |
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In 2023, new legislation will ban the use of animals in the cosmetic industry worldwide. This fact, together with ethical considerations concerning the use of animals or humans in scientific research, highlights the need to propose new alternatives for replacing their use. The aim of this study is to create a tri-layered chitosan membrane ionically crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in order to simulate the number of layers in human skin. The current article highlights the creation of a membrane where pores were induced by a novel method. Swelling index, pore creation, and mechanical property measurements revealed that the swelling index of chitosan membranes decreased and, their pore formation and elasticity increased with an increase in the Deacetylation Grade (DDA). Additionally, the results demonstrate that chitosan’s origin can influence the elastic modulus value and reproducibility, with higher values being obtained with seashell than snow crab or shrimp shells. Furthermore, the data show that the addition of each layer, until reaching three layers, increases the elastic modulus. Moreover, if layers are crosslinked, the elastic modulus increases to a much greater extent. The characterization of three kinds of chitosan membranes was performed to find the most suitable material for studying different human skin properties. |
format |
Text |
author |
Guerle-Cavero, Rocío Lleal-Fontàs, Blanca Balfagón-Costa, Albert |
author_facet |
Guerle-Cavero, Rocío Lleal-Fontàs, Blanca Balfagón-Costa, Albert |
author_sort |
Guerle-Cavero, Rocío |
title |
Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties |
title_short |
Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties |
title_full |
Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties |
title_fullStr |
Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties |
title_full_unstemmed |
Creation of Ionically Crosslinked Tri-Layered Chitosan Membranes to Simulate Different Human Skin Properties |
title_sort |
creation of ionically crosslinked tri-layered chitosan membranes to simulate different human skin properties |
publisher |
MDPI |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038782/ https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071807 |
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Snow crab |
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Snow crab |
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Materials (Basel) |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8038782/ http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071807 |
op_rights |
© 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
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https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071807 |
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