Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment
ABSTRACT: pH gradient-driven modular micro-swimmers are investigated as a model for a large variety of quasi-two-dimensional chemi-phoretic self-propelled entities. Using three-channel micro-photometry, we obtain a precise large field mapping of pH at a spatial resolution of a few microns and a pH r...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7987694 2023-05-15T15:52:32+02:00 Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment Möller, Nadir Liebchen, Benno Palberg, Thomas 2021-03-23 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7987694/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33759011 https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00026-9 en eng Springer Berlin Heidelberg http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7987694/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33759011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00026-9 © The Author(s) 2021 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. CC-BY Eur Phys J E Soft Matter Regular Article - Soft Matter Text 2021 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00026-9 2021-04-18T00:22:54Z ABSTRACT: pH gradient-driven modular micro-swimmers are investigated as a model for a large variety of quasi-two-dimensional chemi-phoretic self-propelled entities. Using three-channel micro-photometry, we obtain a precise large field mapping of pH at a spatial resolution of a few microns and a pH resolution of [Formula: see text] units for swimmers of different velocities propelling on two differently charged substrates. We model our results in terms of solutions of the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation for a 1:1 electrolyte, i.e. carbonic acid, which is produced by ion exchange and consumed by equilibration with dissolved [Formula: see text] . We demonstrate the dependence of gradient shape and steepness on swimmer speed, diffusivity of chemicals, as well as the fuel budget. Moreover, we experimentally observe a subtle, but significant feedback of the swimmer’s immediate environment in terms of a substrate charge-mediated solvent convection. We discuss our findings in view of different recent results from other micro-fluidic or active matter investigations. We anticipate that they are relevant for quantitative modelling and targeted applications of diffusio-phoretic flows in general and artificial micro-swimmers in particular. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version supplementary material available at 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00026-9. Text Carbonic acid PubMed Central (PMC) The European Physical Journal E 44 3 |
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language |
English |
topic |
Regular Article - Soft Matter |
spellingShingle |
Regular Article - Soft Matter Möller, Nadir Liebchen, Benno Palberg, Thomas Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment |
topic_facet |
Regular Article - Soft Matter |
description |
ABSTRACT: pH gradient-driven modular micro-swimmers are investigated as a model for a large variety of quasi-two-dimensional chemi-phoretic self-propelled entities. Using three-channel micro-photometry, we obtain a precise large field mapping of pH at a spatial resolution of a few microns and a pH resolution of [Formula: see text] units for swimmers of different velocities propelling on two differently charged substrates. We model our results in terms of solutions of the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation for a 1:1 electrolyte, i.e. carbonic acid, which is produced by ion exchange and consumed by equilibration with dissolved [Formula: see text] . We demonstrate the dependence of gradient shape and steepness on swimmer speed, diffusivity of chemicals, as well as the fuel budget. Moreover, we experimentally observe a subtle, but significant feedback of the swimmer’s immediate environment in terms of a substrate charge-mediated solvent convection. We discuss our findings in view of different recent results from other micro-fluidic or active matter investigations. We anticipate that they are relevant for quantitative modelling and targeted applications of diffusio-phoretic flows in general and artificial micro-swimmers in particular. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version supplementary material available at 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00026-9. |
format |
Text |
author |
Möller, Nadir Liebchen, Benno Palberg, Thomas |
author_facet |
Möller, Nadir Liebchen, Benno Palberg, Thomas |
author_sort |
Möller, Nadir |
title |
Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment |
title_short |
Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment |
title_full |
Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment |
title_fullStr |
Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment |
title_full_unstemmed |
Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment |
title_sort |
shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment |
publisher |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7987694/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33759011 https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00026-9 |
genre |
Carbonic acid |
genre_facet |
Carbonic acid |
op_source |
Eur Phys J E Soft Matter |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7987694/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33759011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00026-9 |
op_rights |
© The Author(s) 2021 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00026-9 |
container_title |
The European Physical Journal E |
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44 |
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3 |
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