Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
A potent and heat-stable tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been found to accumulate in various marine bivalve species, including Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), raising a food safety concern. While several studies on geographical occurrence of TTX have been conducted, there is a lack of knowledge about th...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7913107 2023-05-15T15:57:58+02:00 Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) Dhanji-Rapkova, Monika Turner, Andrew D. Baker-Austin, Craig Huggett, Jim F. Ritchie, Jennifer M. 2021-02-02 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913107/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33540777 https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020084 en eng MDPI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913107/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33540777 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19020084 © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). CC-BY Mar Drugs Article Text 2021 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020084 2021-03-07T02:03:25Z A potent and heat-stable tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been found to accumulate in various marine bivalve species, including Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), raising a food safety concern. While several studies on geographical occurrence of TTX have been conducted, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of the toxin within and between bivalves. We, therefore, measured TTX in the whole flesh, mantle, gills, labial palps, digestive gland, adductor muscle and intravalvular fluid of C. gigas using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weekly monitoring during summer months revealed the highest TTX concentrations in the digestive gland (up to 242 µg/kg), significantly higher than in other oyster tissues. Intra-population variability of TTX, measured in the whole flesh of each of twenty animals, reached 46% and 32% in the two separate batches, respectively. In addition, an inter-population study was conducted to compare TTX levels at four locations within the oyster production area. TTX concentrations in the whole flesh varied significantly between some of these locations, which was unexplained by the differences in weight of flesh. This is the first study examining TTX distribution in C. gigas and the first confirmation of the preferential accumulation of TTX in oyster digestive gland. Text Crassostrea gigas PubMed Central (PMC) Pacific Marine Drugs 19 2 84 |
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Article Dhanji-Rapkova, Monika Turner, Andrew D. Baker-Austin, Craig Huggett, Jim F. Ritchie, Jennifer M. Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) |
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A potent and heat-stable tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been found to accumulate in various marine bivalve species, including Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), raising a food safety concern. While several studies on geographical occurrence of TTX have been conducted, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of the toxin within and between bivalves. We, therefore, measured TTX in the whole flesh, mantle, gills, labial palps, digestive gland, adductor muscle and intravalvular fluid of C. gigas using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weekly monitoring during summer months revealed the highest TTX concentrations in the digestive gland (up to 242 µg/kg), significantly higher than in other oyster tissues. Intra-population variability of TTX, measured in the whole flesh of each of twenty animals, reached 46% and 32% in the two separate batches, respectively. In addition, an inter-population study was conducted to compare TTX levels at four locations within the oyster production area. TTX concentrations in the whole flesh varied significantly between some of these locations, which was unexplained by the differences in weight of flesh. This is the first study examining TTX distribution in C. gigas and the first confirmation of the preferential accumulation of TTX in oyster digestive gland. |
format |
Text |
author |
Dhanji-Rapkova, Monika Turner, Andrew D. Baker-Austin, Craig Huggett, Jim F. Ritchie, Jennifer M. |
author_facet |
Dhanji-Rapkova, Monika Turner, Andrew D. Baker-Austin, Craig Huggett, Jim F. Ritchie, Jennifer M. |
author_sort |
Dhanji-Rapkova, Monika |
title |
Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) |
title_short |
Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) |
title_full |
Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) |
title_fullStr |
Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) |
title_sort |
distribution of tetrodotoxin in pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) |
publisher |
MDPI |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913107/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33540777 https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020084 |
geographic |
Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Pacific |
genre |
Crassostrea gigas |
genre_facet |
Crassostrea gigas |
op_source |
Mar Drugs |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913107/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33540777 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19020084 |
op_rights |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
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CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020084 |
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Marine Drugs |
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19 |
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84 |
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