Carnivore Management Zones and their Impact on Sheep Farming in Norway
We investigated the impact of Norway’s current zonal carnivore management system for four large carnivore species on sheep farming. Sheep losses increased when the large carnivores were reintroduced, but has declined again after the introduction of the zoning management system. The total number of s...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6838042 2023-05-15T18:44:15+02:00 Carnivore Management Zones and their Impact on Sheep Farming in Norway Strand, Geir-Harald Hansen, Inger de Boon, Auvikki Sandström, Camilla 2019-10-17 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6838042/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31624855 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01212-4 en eng Springer US http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6838042/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31624855 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01212-4 © The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. CC-BY Article Text 2019 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01212-4 2019-11-24T01:26:22Z We investigated the impact of Norway’s current zonal carnivore management system for four large carnivore species on sheep farming. Sheep losses increased when the large carnivores were reintroduced, but has declined again after the introduction of the zoning management system. The total number of sheep increased outside, but declined slightly inside the management zones. The total sheep production increased, but sheep farming was still lost as a source of income for many farmers. The use of the grazing resources became more extensive. Losses decreased because sheep were removed from the open outfield pastures and many farmers gave up sheep farming. While wolves expel sheep farming from the outfield grazing areas, small herds can still be kept in fenced enclosures. Bears are in every respect incompatible with sheep farming. Farmers adjust to the seasonal and more predictable behavior of lynx and wolverine, although these species also may cause serious losses when present. The mitigating efforts are costly and lead to reduced animal welfare and lower income for the farmers, although farmers in peri-urban areas increasingly are keeping sheep as an avocation. There is a spillover effect of the zoning strategy in the sense that there is substantial loss of livestock to carnivores outside, but geographically near the management zones. The carnivore management policy used in Norway is a reasonably successful management strategy when the goal is to separate livestock from carnivores and decrease the losses, but the burdens are unequally distributed and farmers inside the management zones are at an economic disadvantage. Text wolverine Lynx PubMed Central (PMC) Norway Environmental Management 64 5 537 552 |
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Article Strand, Geir-Harald Hansen, Inger de Boon, Auvikki Sandström, Camilla Carnivore Management Zones and their Impact on Sheep Farming in Norway |
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description |
We investigated the impact of Norway’s current zonal carnivore management system for four large carnivore species on sheep farming. Sheep losses increased when the large carnivores were reintroduced, but has declined again after the introduction of the zoning management system. The total number of sheep increased outside, but declined slightly inside the management zones. The total sheep production increased, but sheep farming was still lost as a source of income for many farmers. The use of the grazing resources became more extensive. Losses decreased because sheep were removed from the open outfield pastures and many farmers gave up sheep farming. While wolves expel sheep farming from the outfield grazing areas, small herds can still be kept in fenced enclosures. Bears are in every respect incompatible with sheep farming. Farmers adjust to the seasonal and more predictable behavior of lynx and wolverine, although these species also may cause serious losses when present. The mitigating efforts are costly and lead to reduced animal welfare and lower income for the farmers, although farmers in peri-urban areas increasingly are keeping sheep as an avocation. There is a spillover effect of the zoning strategy in the sense that there is substantial loss of livestock to carnivores outside, but geographically near the management zones. The carnivore management policy used in Norway is a reasonably successful management strategy when the goal is to separate livestock from carnivores and decrease the losses, but the burdens are unequally distributed and farmers inside the management zones are at an economic disadvantage. |
format |
Text |
author |
Strand, Geir-Harald Hansen, Inger de Boon, Auvikki Sandström, Camilla |
author_facet |
Strand, Geir-Harald Hansen, Inger de Boon, Auvikki Sandström, Camilla |
author_sort |
Strand, Geir-Harald |
title |
Carnivore Management Zones and their Impact on Sheep Farming in Norway |
title_short |
Carnivore Management Zones and their Impact on Sheep Farming in Norway |
title_full |
Carnivore Management Zones and their Impact on Sheep Farming in Norway |
title_fullStr |
Carnivore Management Zones and their Impact on Sheep Farming in Norway |
title_full_unstemmed |
Carnivore Management Zones and their Impact on Sheep Farming in Norway |
title_sort |
carnivore management zones and their impact on sheep farming in norway |
publisher |
Springer US |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6838042/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31624855 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01212-4 |
geographic |
Norway |
geographic_facet |
Norway |
genre |
wolverine Lynx |
genre_facet |
wolverine Lynx |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6838042/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31624855 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01212-4 |
op_rights |
© The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01212-4 |
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Environmental Management |
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64 |
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5 |
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537 |
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552 |
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