Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies
Tardigrades (water bears) are microscopic, segmented ecdysozoans with four pairs of legs. Lobopodous limbs that are similar to those seen in tardigrades are hypothesized to represent the ancestral state of Panarthropoda (Tardigrada + Onychophora + Arthropoda), and their evolutionary history is impor...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6837179 2023-05-15T18:51:09+02:00 Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies Gross, Vladimir Mayer, Georg 2019-10-16 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837179/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31824724 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191159 en eng The Royal Society http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837179/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31824724 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191159 © 2019 The Authors. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. CC-BY Biology (Whole Organism) Text 2019 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191159 2019-12-15T01:14:56Z Tardigrades (water bears) are microscopic, segmented ecdysozoans with four pairs of legs. Lobopodous limbs that are similar to those seen in tardigrades are hypothesized to represent the ancestral state of Panarthropoda (Tardigrada + Onychophora + Arthropoda), and their evolutionary history is important to our understanding of ecdysozoan evolution. Equally important is our understanding of the functional morphology of these legs, which requires knowledge of their musculature. Tardigrade musculature is well documented but open questions remain. For example, while the muscular organization of each trunk segment and its legs is unique, three of the four trunk segments are nevertheless relatively homonomous. To what extent, then, do leg muscles show segmental patterns? Specifically, which leg muscles are serially repeated and which are unique? The present study addresses these questions using a combination of techniques intended to visualize both the overall layout and fine structure of leg muscles in the eutardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. In doing so, we propose serial homologies for all leg muscles in each of the four legs and reveal new details of their cellular structure and attachment sites. We compare our results to those of previous studies and address the functional implications of specialized muscle cell morphologies. Text Tardigrade water bear PubMed Central (PMC) Water Bears ENVELOPE(-54.431,-54.431,49.600,49.600) Royal Society Open Science 6 10 191159 |
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English |
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Biology (Whole Organism) |
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Biology (Whole Organism) Gross, Vladimir Mayer, Georg Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies |
topic_facet |
Biology (Whole Organism) |
description |
Tardigrades (water bears) are microscopic, segmented ecdysozoans with four pairs of legs. Lobopodous limbs that are similar to those seen in tardigrades are hypothesized to represent the ancestral state of Panarthropoda (Tardigrada + Onychophora + Arthropoda), and their evolutionary history is important to our understanding of ecdysozoan evolution. Equally important is our understanding of the functional morphology of these legs, which requires knowledge of their musculature. Tardigrade musculature is well documented but open questions remain. For example, while the muscular organization of each trunk segment and its legs is unique, three of the four trunk segments are nevertheless relatively homonomous. To what extent, then, do leg muscles show segmental patterns? Specifically, which leg muscles are serially repeated and which are unique? The present study addresses these questions using a combination of techniques intended to visualize both the overall layout and fine structure of leg muscles in the eutardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. In doing so, we propose serial homologies for all leg muscles in each of the four legs and reveal new details of their cellular structure and attachment sites. We compare our results to those of previous studies and address the functional implications of specialized muscle cell morphologies. |
format |
Text |
author |
Gross, Vladimir Mayer, Georg |
author_facet |
Gross, Vladimir Mayer, Georg |
author_sort |
Gross, Vladimir |
title |
Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies |
title_short |
Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies |
title_full |
Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies |
title_fullStr |
Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies |
title_full_unstemmed |
Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies |
title_sort |
cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear hypsibius exemplaris (tardigrada) unravels serial homologies |
publisher |
The Royal Society |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837179/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31824724 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191159 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-54.431,-54.431,49.600,49.600) |
geographic |
Water Bears |
geographic_facet |
Water Bears |
genre |
Tardigrade water bear |
genre_facet |
Tardigrade water bear |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6837179/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31824724 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191159 |
op_rights |
© 2019 The Authors. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191159 |
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Royal Society Open Science |
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6 |
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10 |
container_start_page |
191159 |
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