Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) are recently diverged species that inhabit vastly differing habitats. Thus, analysis of the polar bear and brown bear genomes represents a unique opportunity to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic underpinnings of rapid ecolo...
Published in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , |
Format: | Text |
Language: | English |
Published: |
National Academy of Sciences
2019
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613075/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209046 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901093116 |
id |
ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6613075 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6613075 2023-05-15T18:42:10+02:00 Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift Rinker, David C. Specian, Natalya K. Zhao, Shu Gibbons, John G. 2019-07-02 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613075/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209046 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901093116 en eng National Academy of Sciences http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613075/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209046 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901093116 https://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/licenses.xhtmlPublished under the PNAS license (https://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/licenses.xhtml) . Biological Sciences Text 2019 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901093116 2019-12-22T01:14:31Z Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) are recently diverged species that inhabit vastly differing habitats. Thus, analysis of the polar bear and brown bear genomes represents a unique opportunity to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic underpinnings of rapid ecological adaptation in mammals. Copy number (CN) differences in genomic regions between closely related species can underlie adaptive phenotypes and this form of genetic variation has not been explored in the context of polar bear evolution. Here, we analyzed the CN profiles of 17 polar bears, 9 brown bears, and 2 black bears (Ursus americanus). We identified an average of 318 genes per individual that showed evidence of CN variation (CNV). Nearly 200 genes displayed species-specific CN differences between polar bear and brown bear species. Principal component analysis of gene CN provides strong evidence that CNV evolved rapidly in the polar bear lineage and mainly resulted in CN loss. Olfactory receptors composed 47% of CN differentiated genes, with the majority of these genes being at lower CN in the polar bear. Additionally, we found significantly fewer copies of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism as well as AMY1B, the salivary amylase-encoding gene in the polar bear. These results suggest that natural selection shaped patterns of CNV in response to the transition from an omnivorous to primarily carnivorous diet during polar bear evolution. Our analyses of CNV shed light on the genomic underpinnings of ecological adaptation during polar bear evolution. Text Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus PubMed Central (PMC) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 27 13446 13451 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
PubMed Central (PMC) |
op_collection_id |
ftpubmed |
language |
English |
topic |
Biological Sciences |
spellingShingle |
Biological Sciences Rinker, David C. Specian, Natalya K. Zhao, Shu Gibbons, John G. Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift |
topic_facet |
Biological Sciences |
description |
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) are recently diverged species that inhabit vastly differing habitats. Thus, analysis of the polar bear and brown bear genomes represents a unique opportunity to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic underpinnings of rapid ecological adaptation in mammals. Copy number (CN) differences in genomic regions between closely related species can underlie adaptive phenotypes and this form of genetic variation has not been explored in the context of polar bear evolution. Here, we analyzed the CN profiles of 17 polar bears, 9 brown bears, and 2 black bears (Ursus americanus). We identified an average of 318 genes per individual that showed evidence of CN variation (CNV). Nearly 200 genes displayed species-specific CN differences between polar bear and brown bear species. Principal component analysis of gene CN provides strong evidence that CNV evolved rapidly in the polar bear lineage and mainly resulted in CN loss. Olfactory receptors composed 47% of CN differentiated genes, with the majority of these genes being at lower CN in the polar bear. Additionally, we found significantly fewer copies of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism as well as AMY1B, the salivary amylase-encoding gene in the polar bear. These results suggest that natural selection shaped patterns of CNV in response to the transition from an omnivorous to primarily carnivorous diet during polar bear evolution. Our analyses of CNV shed light on the genomic underpinnings of ecological adaptation during polar bear evolution. |
format |
Text |
author |
Rinker, David C. Specian, Natalya K. Zhao, Shu Gibbons, John G. |
author_facet |
Rinker, David C. Specian, Natalya K. Zhao, Shu Gibbons, John G. |
author_sort |
Rinker, David C. |
title |
Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift |
title_short |
Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift |
title_full |
Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift |
title_fullStr |
Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift |
title_full_unstemmed |
Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift |
title_sort |
polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift |
publisher |
National Academy of Sciences |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613075/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209046 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901093116 |
genre |
Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus |
genre_facet |
Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6613075/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31209046 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901093116 |
op_rights |
https://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/licenses.xhtmlPublished under the PNAS license (https://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/licenses.xhtml) . |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901093116 |
container_title |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
container_volume |
116 |
container_issue |
27 |
container_start_page |
13446 |
op_container_end_page |
13451 |
_version_ |
1766231783111655424 |