On the causes of Arctic sea ice in the warm Early Pliocene
Scattered and indirect evidence suggests that sea ice occurred as far south as the Iceland Sea during the Early Pliocene, when the global climate was warmer than present. However, conclusive evidence as well as potential mechanisms governing sea ice occurrence outside the Arctic Ocean during a time...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6353896 2023-05-15T14:48:09+02:00 On the causes of Arctic sea ice in the warm Early Pliocene Clotten, Caroline Stein, Ruediger Fahl, Kirsten Schreck, Michael Risebrobakken, Bjørg De Schepper, Stijn 2019-01-30 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6353896/ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37047-y en eng Nature Publishing Group UK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6353896/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37047-y © The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. CC-BY Article Text 2019 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37047-y 2019-02-03T01:42:39Z Scattered and indirect evidence suggests that sea ice occurred as far south as the Iceland Sea during the Early Pliocene, when the global climate was warmer than present. However, conclusive evidence as well as potential mechanisms governing sea ice occurrence outside the Arctic Ocean during a time with elevated greenhouse gas concentrations are still elusive. Here we present a suite of organic biomarkers and palynological records from the Iceland Sea and Yermak Plateau. We show that sea ice appeared as early as ~4.5 Ma in the Iceland Sea. The sea ice either occurred seasonally or was transported southward with the East Greenland Current. The Yermak Plateau mostly remained free of sea ice and was influenced dominantly by Atlantic water. From ~4.0 Ma, occurrence of extended sea ice conditions at both the Yermak Plateau and Iceland Sea document a substantial expansion of sea ice in the Arctic. The expansion occurred contemporaneous with increased northward heat and moisture transport in the North Atlantic region, which likely led to a fresher Arctic Ocean that favors sea ice formation. This extensive sea ice cover along the pathway of the East Greenland Current gradually isolated Greenland from warmer Atlantic water in the Late Pliocene, providing a positive feedback for ice sheet expansion in Greenland. Text Arctic Arctic Ocean East Greenland east greenland current Greenland Ice Sheet Iceland North Atlantic Sea ice Yermak plateau PubMed Central (PMC) Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland Yermak Plateau ENVELOPE(5.000,5.000,81.250,81.250) Scientific Reports 9 1 |
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Article Clotten, Caroline Stein, Ruediger Fahl, Kirsten Schreck, Michael Risebrobakken, Bjørg De Schepper, Stijn On the causes of Arctic sea ice in the warm Early Pliocene |
topic_facet |
Article |
description |
Scattered and indirect evidence suggests that sea ice occurred as far south as the Iceland Sea during the Early Pliocene, when the global climate was warmer than present. However, conclusive evidence as well as potential mechanisms governing sea ice occurrence outside the Arctic Ocean during a time with elevated greenhouse gas concentrations are still elusive. Here we present a suite of organic biomarkers and palynological records from the Iceland Sea and Yermak Plateau. We show that sea ice appeared as early as ~4.5 Ma in the Iceland Sea. The sea ice either occurred seasonally or was transported southward with the East Greenland Current. The Yermak Plateau mostly remained free of sea ice and was influenced dominantly by Atlantic water. From ~4.0 Ma, occurrence of extended sea ice conditions at both the Yermak Plateau and Iceland Sea document a substantial expansion of sea ice in the Arctic. The expansion occurred contemporaneous with increased northward heat and moisture transport in the North Atlantic region, which likely led to a fresher Arctic Ocean that favors sea ice formation. This extensive sea ice cover along the pathway of the East Greenland Current gradually isolated Greenland from warmer Atlantic water in the Late Pliocene, providing a positive feedback for ice sheet expansion in Greenland. |
format |
Text |
author |
Clotten, Caroline Stein, Ruediger Fahl, Kirsten Schreck, Michael Risebrobakken, Bjørg De Schepper, Stijn |
author_facet |
Clotten, Caroline Stein, Ruediger Fahl, Kirsten Schreck, Michael Risebrobakken, Bjørg De Schepper, Stijn |
author_sort |
Clotten, Caroline |
title |
On the causes of Arctic sea ice in the warm Early Pliocene |
title_short |
On the causes of Arctic sea ice in the warm Early Pliocene |
title_full |
On the causes of Arctic sea ice in the warm Early Pliocene |
title_fullStr |
On the causes of Arctic sea ice in the warm Early Pliocene |
title_full_unstemmed |
On the causes of Arctic sea ice in the warm Early Pliocene |
title_sort |
on the causes of arctic sea ice in the warm early pliocene |
publisher |
Nature Publishing Group UK |
publishDate |
2019 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6353896/ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37047-y |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(5.000,5.000,81.250,81.250) |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland Yermak Plateau |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Greenland Yermak Plateau |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean East Greenland east greenland current Greenland Ice Sheet Iceland North Atlantic Sea ice Yermak plateau |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean East Greenland east greenland current Greenland Ice Sheet Iceland North Atlantic Sea ice Yermak plateau |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6353896/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37047-y |
op_rights |
© The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37047-y |
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Scientific Reports |
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9 |
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