European In-Situ Snow Measurements: Practices and Purposes
In-situ snow measurements conducted by European institutions for operational, research, and energy business applications were surveyed in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1404, called “A European network for a harmonised monitoring of snow for the b...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6068717 2023-05-15T18:18:46+02:00 European In-Situ Snow Measurements: Practices and Purposes Pirazzini, Roberta Leppänen, Leena Picard, Ghislain Lopez-Moreno, Juan Ignacio Marty, Christoph Macelloni, Giovanni Kontu, Anna von Lerber, Annakaisa Tanis, Cemal Melih Schneebeli, Martin de Rosnay, Patricia Arslan, Ali Nadir 2018-06-22 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6068717/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29932447 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 en eng MDPI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6068717/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29932447 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). CC-BY Article Text 2018 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 2018-08-12T00:20:05Z In-situ snow measurements conducted by European institutions for operational, research, and energy business applications were surveyed in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1404, called “A European network for a harmonised monitoring of snow for the benefit of climate change scenarios, hydrology, and numerical weather prediction”. Here we present the results of this survey, which was answered by 125 participants from 99 operational and research institutions, belonging to 38 European countries. The typologies of environments where the snow measurements are performed range from mountain to low elevated plains, including forests, bogs, tundra, urban areas, glaciers, lake ice, and sea ice. Of the respondents, 93% measure snow macrophysical parameters, such as snow presence, snow depth (HS), snow water equivalent (SWE), and snow density. These describe the bulk characteristics of the whole snowpack or of a snow layer, and they are the primary snow properties that are needed for most operational applications (such as hydrological monitoring, avalanche forecast, and weather forecast). In most cases, these measurements are done with manual methods, although for snow presence, HS, and SWE, automatized methods are also applied by some respondents. Parameters characterizing precipitating and suspended snow (such as the height of new snow, precipitation intensity, flux of drifting/blowing snow, and particle size distribution), some of which are crucial for the operational services, are measured by 74% of the respondents. Parameters characterizing the snow microstructural properties (such as the snow grain size and shape, and specific surface area), the snow electromagnetic properties (such as albedo, brightness temperature, and backscatter), and the snow composition (such as impurities and isotopes) are measured by 41%, 26%, and 13% of the respondents, respectively, mostly for research applications. The results of this survey are discussed from the perspective of the need of ... Text Sea ice Tundra PubMed Central (PMC) Sensors 18 7 2016 |
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Article Pirazzini, Roberta Leppänen, Leena Picard, Ghislain Lopez-Moreno, Juan Ignacio Marty, Christoph Macelloni, Giovanni Kontu, Anna von Lerber, Annakaisa Tanis, Cemal Melih Schneebeli, Martin de Rosnay, Patricia Arslan, Ali Nadir European In-Situ Snow Measurements: Practices and Purposes |
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Article |
description |
In-situ snow measurements conducted by European institutions for operational, research, and energy business applications were surveyed in the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1404, called “A European network for a harmonised monitoring of snow for the benefit of climate change scenarios, hydrology, and numerical weather prediction”. Here we present the results of this survey, which was answered by 125 participants from 99 operational and research institutions, belonging to 38 European countries. The typologies of environments where the snow measurements are performed range from mountain to low elevated plains, including forests, bogs, tundra, urban areas, glaciers, lake ice, and sea ice. Of the respondents, 93% measure snow macrophysical parameters, such as snow presence, snow depth (HS), snow water equivalent (SWE), and snow density. These describe the bulk characteristics of the whole snowpack or of a snow layer, and they are the primary snow properties that are needed for most operational applications (such as hydrological monitoring, avalanche forecast, and weather forecast). In most cases, these measurements are done with manual methods, although for snow presence, HS, and SWE, automatized methods are also applied by some respondents. Parameters characterizing precipitating and suspended snow (such as the height of new snow, precipitation intensity, flux of drifting/blowing snow, and particle size distribution), some of which are crucial for the operational services, are measured by 74% of the respondents. Parameters characterizing the snow microstructural properties (such as the snow grain size and shape, and specific surface area), the snow electromagnetic properties (such as albedo, brightness temperature, and backscatter), and the snow composition (such as impurities and isotopes) are measured by 41%, 26%, and 13% of the respondents, respectively, mostly for research applications. The results of this survey are discussed from the perspective of the need of ... |
format |
Text |
author |
Pirazzini, Roberta Leppänen, Leena Picard, Ghislain Lopez-Moreno, Juan Ignacio Marty, Christoph Macelloni, Giovanni Kontu, Anna von Lerber, Annakaisa Tanis, Cemal Melih Schneebeli, Martin de Rosnay, Patricia Arslan, Ali Nadir |
author_facet |
Pirazzini, Roberta Leppänen, Leena Picard, Ghislain Lopez-Moreno, Juan Ignacio Marty, Christoph Macelloni, Giovanni Kontu, Anna von Lerber, Annakaisa Tanis, Cemal Melih Schneebeli, Martin de Rosnay, Patricia Arslan, Ali Nadir |
author_sort |
Pirazzini, Roberta |
title |
European In-Situ Snow Measurements: Practices and Purposes |
title_short |
European In-Situ Snow Measurements: Practices and Purposes |
title_full |
European In-Situ Snow Measurements: Practices and Purposes |
title_fullStr |
European In-Situ Snow Measurements: Practices and Purposes |
title_full_unstemmed |
European In-Situ Snow Measurements: Practices and Purposes |
title_sort |
european in-situ snow measurements: practices and purposes |
publisher |
MDPI |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6068717/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29932447 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 |
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Sea ice Tundra |
genre_facet |
Sea ice Tundra |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6068717/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29932447 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 |
op_rights |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
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CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072016 |
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Sensors |
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18 |
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2016 |
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1766195468551847936 |