Antiviral Defense and Innate Immune Memory in the Oyster

• Published in: Viruses
• Main Authors: Green, Timothy J., Speck, Peter
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI 2018
• Subjects: Review; Pacific; Crassostrea gigas; Pacific oyster
• Online Access: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5869526/; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29547519; https://doi.org/10.3390/v10030133

The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is becoming a valuable model for investigating antiviral defense in the Lophotrochozoa superphylum. In the past five years, improvements to laboratory-based experimental infection protocols using Ostreid herpesvirus I (OsHV-1) from naturally infected C. gigas combined with next-generation sequencing techniques has revealed that oysters have a complex antiviral response involving the activation of all major innate immune pathways. Experimental evidence indicates C. gigas utilizes an interferon-like response to limit OsHV-1 replication and spread. Oysters injected with a viral mimic (polyI:C) develop resistance to OsHV-1. Improved survival following polyI:C injection was found later in life (within-generational immune priming) and in the next generation (multi-generational immune priming). These studies indicate that the oyster’s antiviral defense system exhibits a form of innate immune-memory. An important priority is to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. This knowledge will motivate the development of practical and cost-effective treatments for improving oyster health in aquaculture.