Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments
Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria, of varied chemical nature and toxic effects. Although cyanobacteria thrive in all kinds of ecosystems on Earth even under very harsh conditions, current knowledge on cyanotoxin distribution is almost restricted to freshwaters from temp...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5532675 2023-05-15T13:44:08+02:00 Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments Cirés, Samuel Casero, María Cristina Quesada, Antonio 2017-07-24 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532675/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737704 https://doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 en eng MDPI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532675/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737704 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). CC-BY Review Text 2017 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 2017-08-13T00:11:47Z Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria, of varied chemical nature and toxic effects. Although cyanobacteria thrive in all kinds of ecosystems on Earth even under very harsh conditions, current knowledge on cyanotoxin distribution is almost restricted to freshwaters from temperate latitudes. In this review, we bring to the forefront the presence of cyanotoxins in extreme environments. Cyanotoxins have been reported especially in polar deserts (both from the Arctic and Antarctica) and alkaline lakes, but also in hot deserts, hypersaline environments, and hot springs. Cyanotoxins detected in these ecosystems include neurotoxins—anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a (S), paralytic shellfish toxins, β-methylaminopropionic acid, N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid- and hepatotoxins –cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and nodularins—with microcystins being the most frequently reported. Toxin production there has been linked to at least eleven cyanobacterial genera yet only three of these (Arthrospira, Synechococcus and Oscillatoria) have been confirmed as producers in culture. Beyond a comprehensive analysis of cyanotoxin presence in each of the extreme environments, this review also identifies the main knowledge gaps to overcome (e.g., scarcity of isolates and –omics data, among others) toward an initial assessment of ecological and human health risks in these amazing ecosystems developing at the very edge of life. Text Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Human health PubMed Central (PMC) Arctic Marine Drugs 15 7 233 |
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Review Cirés, Samuel Casero, María Cristina Quesada, Antonio Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
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Review |
description |
Cyanotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria, of varied chemical nature and toxic effects. Although cyanobacteria thrive in all kinds of ecosystems on Earth even under very harsh conditions, current knowledge on cyanotoxin distribution is almost restricted to freshwaters from temperate latitudes. In this review, we bring to the forefront the presence of cyanotoxins in extreme environments. Cyanotoxins have been reported especially in polar deserts (both from the Arctic and Antarctica) and alkaline lakes, but also in hot deserts, hypersaline environments, and hot springs. Cyanotoxins detected in these ecosystems include neurotoxins—anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a (S), paralytic shellfish toxins, β-methylaminopropionic acid, N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid- and hepatotoxins –cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and nodularins—with microcystins being the most frequently reported. Toxin production there has been linked to at least eleven cyanobacterial genera yet only three of these (Arthrospira, Synechococcus and Oscillatoria) have been confirmed as producers in culture. Beyond a comprehensive analysis of cyanotoxin presence in each of the extreme environments, this review also identifies the main knowledge gaps to overcome (e.g., scarcity of isolates and –omics data, among others) toward an initial assessment of ecological and human health risks in these amazing ecosystems developing at the very edge of life. |
format |
Text |
author |
Cirés, Samuel Casero, María Cristina Quesada, Antonio |
author_facet |
Cirés, Samuel Casero, María Cristina Quesada, Antonio |
author_sort |
Cirés, Samuel |
title |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_short |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_full |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_fullStr |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_full_unstemmed |
Toxicity at the Edge of Life: A Review on Cyanobacterial Toxins from Extreme Environments |
title_sort |
toxicity at the edge of life: a review on cyanobacterial toxins from extreme environments |
publisher |
MDPI |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532675/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737704 https://doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Human health |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic Human health |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5532675/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28737704 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 |
op_rights |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
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CC-BY |
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https://doi.org/10.3390/md15070233 |
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Marine Drugs |
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15 |
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7 |
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233 |
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1766198034484428800 |