Nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos)
Different forms of outdoor recreation have different spatiotemporal activity patterns that may have interactive or cumulative effects on wildlife through human disturbance, physical habitat change, or both. In western North America, shrub‐steppe habitats near urban areas are popular sites for motori...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5108256 2023-05-15T18:49:22+02:00 Nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) Spaul, Robert J. Heath, Julie A. 2016-10-13 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108256/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27878076 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2540 en eng John Wiley and Sons Inc. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108256/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27878076 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2540 © 2016 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. CC-BY Original Research Text 2016 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2540 2016-11-27T01:16:59Z Different forms of outdoor recreation have different spatiotemporal activity patterns that may have interactive or cumulative effects on wildlife through human disturbance, physical habitat change, or both. In western North America, shrub‐steppe habitats near urban areas are popular sites for motorized recreation and nonmotorized recreation and can provide important habitat for protected species, including golden eagles. Our objective was to determine whether recreation use (i.e., number of recreationists) or recreation features (e.g., trails or campsites) predicted golden eagle territory occupancy, egg‐laying, or the probability a breeding attempt resulted in ≥1 offspring (nest survival). We monitored egg‐laying, hatching and fledging success, eagle behavior, and recreation activity within 23 eagle territories near Boise, Idaho, USA. Territories with more off‐road vehicle (ORV) use were less likely to be occupied than territories with less ORV use (β = −1.6, 85% CI: −2.8 to −0.8). At occupied territories, early season pedestrian use (β = −1.6, 85% CI: −3.8 to −0.2) and other nonmotorized use (β = −3.6, 85% CI: −10.7 to −0.3) reduced the probability of egg‐laying. At territories where eagles laid eggs, short, interval‐specific peaks in ORV use were associated with decreased nest survival (β = −0.5, 85% CI: −0.8 to −0.2). Pedestrians, who often arrived near eagle nests via motorized vehicles, were associated with reduced nest attendance (β = −11.9, 85% CI: −19.2 to −4.5), an important predictor of nest survival. Multiple forms of recreation may have cumulative effects on local populations by reducing occupancy at otherwise suitable territories, decreasing breeding attempts, and causing nesting failure. Seasonal no‐stopping zones for motorized vehicles may be an alternative to trail closures for managing disturbance. This study demonstrates the importance of considering human disturbance across different parts of the annual cycle, particularly where multiple forms of recreation have varying spatiotemporal use ... Text Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle PubMed Central (PMC) Ecology and Evolution 6 22 8037 8049 |
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Original Research Spaul, Robert J. Heath, Julie A. Nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) |
topic_facet |
Original Research |
description |
Different forms of outdoor recreation have different spatiotemporal activity patterns that may have interactive or cumulative effects on wildlife through human disturbance, physical habitat change, or both. In western North America, shrub‐steppe habitats near urban areas are popular sites for motorized recreation and nonmotorized recreation and can provide important habitat for protected species, including golden eagles. Our objective was to determine whether recreation use (i.e., number of recreationists) or recreation features (e.g., trails or campsites) predicted golden eagle territory occupancy, egg‐laying, or the probability a breeding attempt resulted in ≥1 offspring (nest survival). We monitored egg‐laying, hatching and fledging success, eagle behavior, and recreation activity within 23 eagle territories near Boise, Idaho, USA. Territories with more off‐road vehicle (ORV) use were less likely to be occupied than territories with less ORV use (β = −1.6, 85% CI: −2.8 to −0.8). At occupied territories, early season pedestrian use (β = −1.6, 85% CI: −3.8 to −0.2) and other nonmotorized use (β = −3.6, 85% CI: −10.7 to −0.3) reduced the probability of egg‐laying. At territories where eagles laid eggs, short, interval‐specific peaks in ORV use were associated with decreased nest survival (β = −0.5, 85% CI: −0.8 to −0.2). Pedestrians, who often arrived near eagle nests via motorized vehicles, were associated with reduced nest attendance (β = −11.9, 85% CI: −19.2 to −4.5), an important predictor of nest survival. Multiple forms of recreation may have cumulative effects on local populations by reducing occupancy at otherwise suitable territories, decreasing breeding attempts, and causing nesting failure. Seasonal no‐stopping zones for motorized vehicles may be an alternative to trail closures for managing disturbance. This study demonstrates the importance of considering human disturbance across different parts of the annual cycle, particularly where multiple forms of recreation have varying spatiotemporal use ... |
format |
Text |
author |
Spaul, Robert J. Heath, Julie A. |
author_facet |
Spaul, Robert J. Heath, Julie A. |
author_sort |
Spaul, Robert J. |
title |
Nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) |
title_short |
Nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) |
title_full |
Nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) |
title_fullStr |
Nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) |
title_sort |
nonmotorized recreation and motorized recreation in shrub‐steppe habitats affects behavior and reproduction of golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos) |
publisher |
John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108256/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27878076 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2540 |
genre |
Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle |
genre_facet |
Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108256/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27878076 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2540 |
op_rights |
© 2016 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2540 |
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Ecology and Evolution |
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6 |
container_issue |
22 |
container_start_page |
8037 |
op_container_end_page |
8049 |
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