The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming
In this work, we explore the seasonal relationships (i.e., the phenology) between sea ice retreat, sea surface temperature (SST), and atmospheric heat fluxes in the Pacific Sector of the Arctic Ocean, using satellite and reanalysis data. We find that where ice retreats early in most years, maximum s...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5101851 2023-05-15T14:54:20+02:00 The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming Steele, Michael Dickinson, Suzanne 2016-09-15 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101851/ https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012089 en eng John Wiley and Sons Inc. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101851/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012089 © 2016. The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. CC-BY-NC-ND Research Articles Text 2016 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012089 2016-11-20T01:11:49Z In this work, we explore the seasonal relationships (i.e., the phenology) between sea ice retreat, sea surface temperature (SST), and atmospheric heat fluxes in the Pacific Sector of the Arctic Ocean, using satellite and reanalysis data. We find that where ice retreats early in most years, maximum summertime SSTs are usually warmer, relative to areas with later retreat. For any particular year, we find that anomalously early ice retreat generally leads to anomalously warm SSTs. However, this relationship is weak in the Chukchi Sea, where ocean advection plays a large role. It is also weak where retreat in a particular year happens earlier than usual, but still relatively late in the season, primarily because atmospheric heat fluxes are weak at that time. This result helps to explain the very different ocean warming responses found in two recent years with extreme ice retreat, 2007 and 2012. We also find that the timing of ice retreat impacts the date of maximum SST, owing to a change in the ocean surface buoyancy and momentum forcing that occurs in early August that we term the Late Summer Transition (LST). After the LST, enhanced mixing of the upper ocean leads to cooling of the ocean surface even while atmospheric heat fluxes are still weakly downward. Our results indicate that in the near‐term, earlier ice retreat is likely to cause enhanced ocean surface warming in much of the Arctic Ocean, although not where ice retreat still occurs late in the season. Text Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Chukchi Sea Sea ice PubMed Central (PMC) Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea Pacific Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 9 6847 6861 |
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Research Articles Steele, Michael Dickinson, Suzanne The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming |
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Research Articles |
description |
In this work, we explore the seasonal relationships (i.e., the phenology) between sea ice retreat, sea surface temperature (SST), and atmospheric heat fluxes in the Pacific Sector of the Arctic Ocean, using satellite and reanalysis data. We find that where ice retreats early in most years, maximum summertime SSTs are usually warmer, relative to areas with later retreat. For any particular year, we find that anomalously early ice retreat generally leads to anomalously warm SSTs. However, this relationship is weak in the Chukchi Sea, where ocean advection plays a large role. It is also weak where retreat in a particular year happens earlier than usual, but still relatively late in the season, primarily because atmospheric heat fluxes are weak at that time. This result helps to explain the very different ocean warming responses found in two recent years with extreme ice retreat, 2007 and 2012. We also find that the timing of ice retreat impacts the date of maximum SST, owing to a change in the ocean surface buoyancy and momentum forcing that occurs in early August that we term the Late Summer Transition (LST). After the LST, enhanced mixing of the upper ocean leads to cooling of the ocean surface even while atmospheric heat fluxes are still weakly downward. Our results indicate that in the near‐term, earlier ice retreat is likely to cause enhanced ocean surface warming in much of the Arctic Ocean, although not where ice retreat still occurs late in the season. |
format |
Text |
author |
Steele, Michael Dickinson, Suzanne |
author_facet |
Steele, Michael Dickinson, Suzanne |
author_sort |
Steele, Michael |
title |
The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming |
title_short |
The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming |
title_full |
The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming |
title_fullStr |
The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming |
title_full_unstemmed |
The phenology of Arctic Ocean surface warming |
title_sort |
phenology of arctic ocean surface warming |
publisher |
John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101851/ https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012089 |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea Pacific |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Chukchi Sea Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Chukchi Chukchi Sea Sea ice |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101851/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012089 |
op_rights |
© 2016. The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY-NC-ND |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012089 |
container_title |
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans |
container_volume |
121 |
container_issue |
9 |
container_start_page |
6847 |
op_container_end_page |
6861 |
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1766326059272241152 |