Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory
Flight is an economical mode of locomotion, because it is both fast and relatively cheap per unit of distance, enabling birds to migrate long distances and obtain food over large areas. The power required to fly follows a U-shaped function in relation to airspeed, from which context dependent ‘optim...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4992720 2023-05-15T15:07:17+02:00 Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory Hedenström, Anders Åkesson, Susanne 2016-09-26 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4992720/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27528786 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0396 en eng The Royal Society http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4992720/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27528786 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0396 © 2016 The Author(s) http://royalsocietypublishing.org/licence Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. Articles Text 2016 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0396 2017-10-01T00:01:39Z Flight is an economical mode of locomotion, because it is both fast and relatively cheap per unit of distance, enabling birds to migrate long distances and obtain food over large areas. The power required to fly follows a U-shaped function in relation to airspeed, from which context dependent ‘optimal’ flight speeds can be derived. Crosswinds will displace birds away from their intended track unless they make compensatory adjustments of heading and airspeed. We report on flight track measurements in five geometrically similar tern species ranging one magnitude in body mass, from both migration and the breeding season at the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea. When leaving the southern point of Öland, migrating Arctic and common terns made a 60° shift in track direction, probably guided by a distant landmark. Terns adjusted both airspeed and heading in relation to tail and side wind, where coastlines facilitated compensation. Airspeed also depended on ecological context (searching versus not searching for food), and it increased with flock size. Species-specific maximum range speed agreed with predicted speeds from a new aerodynamic theory. Our study shows that the selection of airspeed is a behavioural trait that depended on a complex blend of internal and external factors. Text Arctic PubMed Central (PMC) Arctic Southern Point ENVELOPE(-55.748,-55.748,52.633,52.633) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 1704 20150396 |
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Articles Hedenström, Anders Åkesson, Susanne Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory |
topic_facet |
Articles |
description |
Flight is an economical mode of locomotion, because it is both fast and relatively cheap per unit of distance, enabling birds to migrate long distances and obtain food over large areas. The power required to fly follows a U-shaped function in relation to airspeed, from which context dependent ‘optimal’ flight speeds can be derived. Crosswinds will displace birds away from their intended track unless they make compensatory adjustments of heading and airspeed. We report on flight track measurements in five geometrically similar tern species ranging one magnitude in body mass, from both migration and the breeding season at the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea. When leaving the southern point of Öland, migrating Arctic and common terns made a 60° shift in track direction, probably guided by a distant landmark. Terns adjusted both airspeed and heading in relation to tail and side wind, where coastlines facilitated compensation. Airspeed also depended on ecological context (searching versus not searching for food), and it increased with flock size. Species-specific maximum range speed agreed with predicted speeds from a new aerodynamic theory. Our study shows that the selection of airspeed is a behavioural trait that depended on a complex blend of internal and external factors. |
format |
Text |
author |
Hedenström, Anders Åkesson, Susanne |
author_facet |
Hedenström, Anders Åkesson, Susanne |
author_sort |
Hedenström, Anders |
title |
Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory |
title_short |
Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory |
title_full |
Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory |
title_fullStr |
Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory |
title_sort |
ecology of tern flight in relation to wind, topography and aerodynamic theory |
publisher |
The Royal Society |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4992720/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27528786 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0396 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-55.748,-55.748,52.633,52.633) |
geographic |
Arctic Southern Point |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Southern Point |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4992720/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27528786 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0396 |
op_rights |
© 2016 The Author(s) http://royalsocietypublishing.org/licence Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0396 |
container_title |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
container_volume |
371 |
container_issue |
1704 |
container_start_page |
20150396 |
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1766338822037045248 |