Further Characterization of Glycine-Containing Microcystins from the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica

• Published in: Toxins
• Main Authors: Puddick, Jonathan, Prinsep, Michèle R., Wood, Susanna A., Cary, Stephen Craig, Hamilton, David P., Holland, Patrick T.
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI 2015
• Subjects: Article; Antarctic; McMurdo Dry Valleys; The Antarctic; Antarc*; Antarctica
• Online Access: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4344637; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25675414; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7020493

Microcystins are hepatotoxic cyclic peptides produced by several cyanobacterial genera worldwide. In 2008, our research group identified eight new glycine-containing microcystin congeners in two hydro-terrestrial mat samples from the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Eastern Antarctica. During the present study, high-resolution mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis and micro-scale thiol derivatization were used to further elucidate their structures. The Antarctic microcystin congeners contained the rare substitution of the position-1 d-alanine for glycine, as well as the acetyl desmethyl modification of the position-5 Adda moiety (3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid). Amino acid analysis was used to determine the stereochemistry of several of the amino acids and conclusively demonstrated the presence of glycine in the microcystins. A recently developed thiol derivatization technique showed that each microcystin contained dehydrobutyrine in position-7 instead of the commonly observed N-methyl dehydroalanine.