Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence
Throughout their recent recovery in several industrialized countries, large carnivores have had to cope with a changed landscape dominated by human infrastructure. Population growth depends on the ability of individuals to adapt to these changes by making use of new habitat features and at the same...
Published in: | Behavioral Ecology |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , |
Format: | Text |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Oxford University Press
2014
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235582 https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134 |
id |
ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4235582 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4235582 2023-05-15T15:50:45+02:00 Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence Zimmermann, Barbara Nelson, Lindsey Wabakken, Petter Sand, Håkan Liberg, Olof 2014 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235582 https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134 en eng Oxford University Press http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134 © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. CC-BY Original Article Text 2014 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134 2014-11-23T01:06:40Z Throughout their recent recovery in several industrialized countries, large carnivores have had to cope with a changed landscape dominated by human infrastructure. Population growth depends on the ability of individuals to adapt to these changes by making use of new habitat features and at the same time to avoid increased risks of mortality associated with human infrastructure. We analyzed the summer movements of 19 GPS-collared resident wolves (Canis lupus L.) from 14 territories in Scandinavia in relation to roads. We used resource and step selection functions, including >12000 field-checked GPS-positions and 315 kill sites. Wolves displayed ambivalent responses to roads depending on the spatial scale, road type, time of day, behavioral state, and reproductive status. At the site scale (approximately 0.1 km2), they selected for roads when traveling, nearly doubling their travel speed. Breeding wolves moved the fastest. At the patch scale (10 km2), house density rather than road density was a significant negative predictor of wolf patch selection. At the home range scale (approximately 1000 km2), breeding wolves increased gravel road use with increasing road availability, although at a lower rate than expected. Wolves have adapted to use roads for ease of travel, but at the same time developed a cryptic behavior to avoid human encounters. This behavioral plasticity may have been important in allowing the successful recovery of wolf populations in industrialized countries. However, we emphasize the role of roads as a potential cause of increased human-caused mortality. Text Canis lupus PubMed Central (PMC) Behavioral Ecology 25 6 1353 1364 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
PubMed Central (PMC) |
op_collection_id |
ftpubmed |
language |
English |
topic |
Original Article |
spellingShingle |
Original Article Zimmermann, Barbara Nelson, Lindsey Wabakken, Petter Sand, Håkan Liberg, Olof Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence |
topic_facet |
Original Article |
description |
Throughout their recent recovery in several industrialized countries, large carnivores have had to cope with a changed landscape dominated by human infrastructure. Population growth depends on the ability of individuals to adapt to these changes by making use of new habitat features and at the same time to avoid increased risks of mortality associated with human infrastructure. We analyzed the summer movements of 19 GPS-collared resident wolves (Canis lupus L.) from 14 territories in Scandinavia in relation to roads. We used resource and step selection functions, including >12000 field-checked GPS-positions and 315 kill sites. Wolves displayed ambivalent responses to roads depending on the spatial scale, road type, time of day, behavioral state, and reproductive status. At the site scale (approximately 0.1 km2), they selected for roads when traveling, nearly doubling their travel speed. Breeding wolves moved the fastest. At the patch scale (10 km2), house density rather than road density was a significant negative predictor of wolf patch selection. At the home range scale (approximately 1000 km2), breeding wolves increased gravel road use with increasing road availability, although at a lower rate than expected. Wolves have adapted to use roads for ease of travel, but at the same time developed a cryptic behavior to avoid human encounters. This behavioral plasticity may have been important in allowing the successful recovery of wolf populations in industrialized countries. However, we emphasize the role of roads as a potential cause of increased human-caused mortality. |
format |
Text |
author |
Zimmermann, Barbara Nelson, Lindsey Wabakken, Petter Sand, Håkan Liberg, Olof |
author_facet |
Zimmermann, Barbara Nelson, Lindsey Wabakken, Petter Sand, Håkan Liberg, Olof |
author_sort |
Zimmermann, Barbara |
title |
Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence |
title_short |
Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence |
title_full |
Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence |
title_fullStr |
Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence |
title_full_unstemmed |
Behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence |
title_sort |
behavioral responses of wolves to roads: scale-dependent ambivalence |
publisher |
Oxford University Press |
publishDate |
2014 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235582 https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134 |
genre |
Canis lupus |
genre_facet |
Canis lupus |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134 |
op_rights |
© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru134 |
container_title |
Behavioral Ecology |
container_volume |
25 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
1353 |
op_container_end_page |
1364 |
_version_ |
1766385755352989696 |