Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds.
Toxaphene production, in quantities similar to those of polychlorinated biphenyls, has resulted in high toxaphene levels in fish from the Great Lakes and in Arctic marine mammals (up to 10 and 16 microg g-1 lipid). Because of the large variabiliity in total toxaphene data, few reliable conclusions c...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1566367 2023-05-15T14:31:41+02:00 Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. de Geus, H J Besselink, H Brouwer, A Klungsøyr, J McHugh, B Nixon, E Rimkus, G G Wester, P G de Boer, J 1999-02 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1566367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10229713 en eng http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1566367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10229713 Research Article Text 1999 ftpubmed 2013-08-31T06:39:08Z Toxaphene production, in quantities similar to those of polychlorinated biphenyls, has resulted in high toxaphene levels in fish from the Great Lakes and in Arctic marine mammals (up to 10 and 16 microg g-1 lipid). Because of the large variabiliity in total toxaphene data, few reliable conclusions can be drawn about trends or geographic differences in toxaphene concentrations. New developments in mass spectrometric detection using either negative chemical ionization or electron impact modes as well as in multidimensional gas chromatography recently have led researchers to suggest congener-specific approaches. Recently, several nomenclature systems have been developed for toxaphene compounds. Although all systems have specific advantages and limitations, it is suggested that an international body such as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry make an attempt to obtain uniformity in the literature. Toxicologic information on individual chlorobornanes is scarce, but some reports have recently appeared. Neurotoxic effects of toxaphene exposure such as those on behavior and learning have been reported. Technical toxaphene and some individual congeners were found to be weakly estrogenic in in vitro test systems; no evidence for endocrine effects in vivo has been reported. In vitro studies show technical toxaphene and toxaphene congeners to be mutagenic. However, in vivo studies have not shown genotoxicity; therefore, a nongenotoxic mechanism is proposed. Nevertheless, toxaphene is believed to present a potential carcinogenic risk to humans. Until now, only Germany has established a legal tolerance level for toxaphene--0.1 mg kg-1 wet weight for fish. Text Arctic marine mammals Arctic PubMed Central (PMC) Arctic |
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Research Article de Geus, H J Besselink, H Brouwer, A Klungsøyr, J McHugh, B Nixon, E Rimkus, G G Wester, P G de Boer, J Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. |
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Toxaphene production, in quantities similar to those of polychlorinated biphenyls, has resulted in high toxaphene levels in fish from the Great Lakes and in Arctic marine mammals (up to 10 and 16 microg g-1 lipid). Because of the large variabiliity in total toxaphene data, few reliable conclusions can be drawn about trends or geographic differences in toxaphene concentrations. New developments in mass spectrometric detection using either negative chemical ionization or electron impact modes as well as in multidimensional gas chromatography recently have led researchers to suggest congener-specific approaches. Recently, several nomenclature systems have been developed for toxaphene compounds. Although all systems have specific advantages and limitations, it is suggested that an international body such as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry make an attempt to obtain uniformity in the literature. Toxicologic information on individual chlorobornanes is scarce, but some reports have recently appeared. Neurotoxic effects of toxaphene exposure such as those on behavior and learning have been reported. Technical toxaphene and some individual congeners were found to be weakly estrogenic in in vitro test systems; no evidence for endocrine effects in vivo has been reported. In vitro studies show technical toxaphene and toxaphene congeners to be mutagenic. However, in vivo studies have not shown genotoxicity; therefore, a nongenotoxic mechanism is proposed. Nevertheless, toxaphene is believed to present a potential carcinogenic risk to humans. Until now, only Germany has established a legal tolerance level for toxaphene--0.1 mg kg-1 wet weight for fish. |
format |
Text |
author |
de Geus, H J Besselink, H Brouwer, A Klungsøyr, J McHugh, B Nixon, E Rimkus, G G Wester, P G de Boer, J |
author_facet |
de Geus, H J Besselink, H Brouwer, A Klungsøyr, J McHugh, B Nixon, E Rimkus, G G Wester, P G de Boer, J |
author_sort |
de Geus, H J |
title |
Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. |
title_short |
Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. |
title_full |
Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. |
title_fullStr |
Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. |
title_sort |
environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. |
publishDate |
1999 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1566367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10229713 |
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Arctic |
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Arctic |
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Arctic marine mammals Arctic |
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Arctic marine mammals Arctic |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1566367 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10229713 |
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