The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A Case–Control Approach
The objective of this study was to determine whether the risk of mortality from infectious disease in harbor porpoise in U.K. waters increased with high exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), using a case–control study design. This is the first time that data from a long-term marine mammal st...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1459923 2023-05-15T17:59:14+02:00 The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A Case–Control Approach Hall, Ailsa J. Hugunin, Kelly Deaville, Robert Law, Robin J. Allchin, Colin R. Jepson, Paul D. 2006-05 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675424 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 en eng National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675424 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI. Research Text 2006 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 2013-08-31T01:27:28Z The objective of this study was to determine whether the risk of mortality from infectious disease in harbor porpoise in U.K. waters increased with high exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), using a case–control study design. This is the first time that data from a long-term marine mammal strandings scheme have been used to estimate any increase in risk. The exposure odds ratio (OR) from a logistic regression model with infectious disease deaths as cases and physical trauma deaths as controls, after controlling for the effect of confounding factors, was 1.048 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–1.07]. To further adjust for the difference in energetic status between cases and controls and account for the negative relationship between PCBs (sum of 25 chlorobiphenyl congeners) and blubber mass, we also “standardized” the blubber PCBs to an optimal blubber mass. This lowered the OR to 1.02 (95% CI, 1.00–1.03). Thus, for each 1 mg/kg increase in blubber PCBs, the average increase in risk of infectious disease mortality was 2%. A doubling of risk occurred at approximately 45 mg/kg lipid. In this study, we have endeavored to avoid selection bias by using controls that died of physical trauma as representative of the exposure prevalence in the population that gave rise to the cases. In addition, we controlled for the effect of variation in energetic status among the cases and controls. However, as with case–control studies in human and veterinary epidemiology, unforeseen misclassification errors may result in biased risk estimates in either direction. Text Phocoena phocoena PubMed Central (PMC) Environmental Health Perspectives 114 5 704 711 |
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Research Hall, Ailsa J. Hugunin, Kelly Deaville, Robert Law, Robin J. Allchin, Colin R. Jepson, Paul D. The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A Case–Control Approach |
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Research |
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The objective of this study was to determine whether the risk of mortality from infectious disease in harbor porpoise in U.K. waters increased with high exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), using a case–control study design. This is the first time that data from a long-term marine mammal strandings scheme have been used to estimate any increase in risk. The exposure odds ratio (OR) from a logistic regression model with infectious disease deaths as cases and physical trauma deaths as controls, after controlling for the effect of confounding factors, was 1.048 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–1.07]. To further adjust for the difference in energetic status between cases and controls and account for the negative relationship between PCBs (sum of 25 chlorobiphenyl congeners) and blubber mass, we also “standardized” the blubber PCBs to an optimal blubber mass. This lowered the OR to 1.02 (95% CI, 1.00–1.03). Thus, for each 1 mg/kg increase in blubber PCBs, the average increase in risk of infectious disease mortality was 2%. A doubling of risk occurred at approximately 45 mg/kg lipid. In this study, we have endeavored to avoid selection bias by using controls that died of physical trauma as representative of the exposure prevalence in the population that gave rise to the cases. In addition, we controlled for the effect of variation in energetic status among the cases and controls. However, as with case–control studies in human and veterinary epidemiology, unforeseen misclassification errors may result in biased risk estimates in either direction. |
format |
Text |
author |
Hall, Ailsa J. Hugunin, Kelly Deaville, Robert Law, Robin J. Allchin, Colin R. Jepson, Paul D. |
author_facet |
Hall, Ailsa J. Hugunin, Kelly Deaville, Robert Law, Robin J. Allchin, Colin R. Jepson, Paul D. |
author_sort |
Hall, Ailsa J. |
title |
The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A Case–Control Approach |
title_short |
The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A Case–Control Approach |
title_full |
The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A Case–Control Approach |
title_fullStr |
The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A Case–Control Approach |
title_full_unstemmed |
The Risk of Infection from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure in the Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A Case–Control Approach |
title_sort |
risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in the harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena): a case–control approach |
publisher |
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
publishDate |
2006 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675424 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 |
genre |
Phocoena phocoena |
genre_facet |
Phocoena phocoena |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675424 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 |
op_rights |
This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8222 |
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Environmental Health Perspectives |
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114 |
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5 |
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704 |
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711 |
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