Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning
Large ornithopod dinosaur footprints have been confirmed on all continents except Antarctica since the 19(th) century. However, oversplitting problems in ichnotaxa have historically been observed in these footprints. To address these issues and distinguish between validated ichnotaxa, this study emp...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10686485 2023-12-31T10:00:55+01:00 Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning Ha, Yeoncheol Kim, Seung-Sep 2023-11-29 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686485/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38019896 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293020 en eng Public Library of Science http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686485/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38019896 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293020 © 2023 Ha, Kim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. PLoS One Research Article Text 2023 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293020 2023-12-03T02:07:15Z Large ornithopod dinosaur footprints have been confirmed on all continents except Antarctica since the 19(th) century. However, oversplitting problems in ichnotaxa have historically been observed in these footprints. To address these issues and distinguish between validated ichnotaxa, this study employed convolutional neural network-based Xception transfer learning to automatically classify ornithopod dinosaur tracks. The machine learning model was trained for 162 epochs (i.e., the number of full cycles of all training data through the model) using 274 data images, excluding horizontally flipped images. The trained model accuracy was 96.36%, and the validation accuracy was 92.59%. We demonstrate the performance of the machine learning model using footprint illustrations that are not included in the training dataset. These results show that the machine learning model developed in this study can properly classify footprint illustration data for large ornithopod dinosaurs. However, the quality of footprint illustration data (or images) inherently affects the performance of our machine learning model, which performs better on well-preserved footprints. In addition, because the developed machine-learning model is a typical supervised learning model, it is not possible to introduce a new label or class. Although this study used illustrations rather than photos or 3D data, it is the first application of machine-learning techniques at the academic level for verifying the ichnotaxonic assignments of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints. Furthermore, the machine learning model will likely aid researchers to classify the large ornithopod dinosaur footprint ichnotaxa, thereby safeguarding against the oversplitting problem. Text Antarc* Antarctica PubMed Central (PMC) PLOS ONE 18 11 e0293020 |
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Research Article Ha, Yeoncheol Kim, Seung-Sep Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning |
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Large ornithopod dinosaur footprints have been confirmed on all continents except Antarctica since the 19(th) century. However, oversplitting problems in ichnotaxa have historically been observed in these footprints. To address these issues and distinguish between validated ichnotaxa, this study employed convolutional neural network-based Xception transfer learning to automatically classify ornithopod dinosaur tracks. The machine learning model was trained for 162 epochs (i.e., the number of full cycles of all training data through the model) using 274 data images, excluding horizontally flipped images. The trained model accuracy was 96.36%, and the validation accuracy was 92.59%. We demonstrate the performance of the machine learning model using footprint illustrations that are not included in the training dataset. These results show that the machine learning model developed in this study can properly classify footprint illustration data for large ornithopod dinosaurs. However, the quality of footprint illustration data (or images) inherently affects the performance of our machine learning model, which performs better on well-preserved footprints. In addition, because the developed machine-learning model is a typical supervised learning model, it is not possible to introduce a new label or class. Although this study used illustrations rather than photos or 3D data, it is the first application of machine-learning techniques at the academic level for verifying the ichnotaxonic assignments of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints. Furthermore, the machine learning model will likely aid researchers to classify the large ornithopod dinosaur footprint ichnotaxa, thereby safeguarding against the oversplitting problem. |
format |
Text |
author |
Ha, Yeoncheol Kim, Seung-Sep |
author_facet |
Ha, Yeoncheol Kim, Seung-Sep |
author_sort |
Ha, Yeoncheol |
title |
Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning |
title_short |
Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning |
title_full |
Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning |
title_fullStr |
Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning |
title_full_unstemmed |
Classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using Xception transfer learning |
title_sort |
classification of large ornithopod dinosaur footprints using xception transfer learning |
publisher |
Public Library of Science |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686485/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38019896 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293020 |
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Antarc* Antarctica |
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Antarc* Antarctica |
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PLoS One |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686485/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38019896 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293020 |
op_rights |
© 2023 Ha, Kim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293020 |
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