A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts
Toxocara species are cosmopolitan nematode parasites of companion, domestic and wild hosts. Of the 26 known species of Toxocara, only Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are definitively zoonotic. The significance of wild carnivores as definitive hosts of T. canis and T. cati respectively, has received...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10641444 2023-12-17T10:28:40+01:00 A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts Holland, Celia V. 2023-10-26 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10641444/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37964985 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.008 en eng Elsevier http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10641444/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37964985 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.008 © 2023 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl Article Text 2023 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.008 2023-11-19T01:51:08Z Toxocara species are cosmopolitan nematode parasites of companion, domestic and wild hosts. Of the 26 known species of Toxocara, only Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are definitively zoonotic. The significance of wild carnivores as definitive hosts of T. canis and T. cati respectively, has received far less attention compared to domestic dogs and cats. Complex environmental changes have promoted increasing contact between wildlife, domestic animals and humans that can enhance the risk of pathogen spillover. This review lists a total of 19 species of wild canid host that have been shown to act as definitive hosts for T. canis and a total of 21 species of wild felid host. In general, the number of publications focusing on felid host species is fewer in number, reflecting the general paucity of data on T. cati. The wild canids that have received the most attention in the published literature include the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the wolf (Canis lupus), and the golden jackal (Canis aureus). The wild felid species that has received the most attention in the published literature is the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Some non-canid and non-felid hosts also act as definitive hosts of Toxocara species. Certainly, red foxes would appear to be the most significant wild species in terms of their potential to transmit Toxocara to domestic dogs and humans via environmental contamination. This can be explained by their increasing population densities, encroachment into urban areas and their dietary preferences for a wide range of potential paratenic hosts. However, a major challenge remains to assess the relative importance of wild hosts as contributors to environmental contamination with Toxocara ova. Furthermore, one major constraint to our understanding of the significance of wildlife parasitism is a lack of access to samples, particularly from rare host species. Text Canis lupus Lynx Lynx lynx lynx PubMed Central (PMC) International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 22 216 228 |
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Article Holland, Celia V. A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts |
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Article |
description |
Toxocara species are cosmopolitan nematode parasites of companion, domestic and wild hosts. Of the 26 known species of Toxocara, only Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are definitively zoonotic. The significance of wild carnivores as definitive hosts of T. canis and T. cati respectively, has received far less attention compared to domestic dogs and cats. Complex environmental changes have promoted increasing contact between wildlife, domestic animals and humans that can enhance the risk of pathogen spillover. This review lists a total of 19 species of wild canid host that have been shown to act as definitive hosts for T. canis and a total of 21 species of wild felid host. In general, the number of publications focusing on felid host species is fewer in number, reflecting the general paucity of data on T. cati. The wild canids that have received the most attention in the published literature include the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the wolf (Canis lupus), and the golden jackal (Canis aureus). The wild felid species that has received the most attention in the published literature is the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Some non-canid and non-felid hosts also act as definitive hosts of Toxocara species. Certainly, red foxes would appear to be the most significant wild species in terms of their potential to transmit Toxocara to domestic dogs and humans via environmental contamination. This can be explained by their increasing population densities, encroachment into urban areas and their dietary preferences for a wide range of potential paratenic hosts. However, a major challenge remains to assess the relative importance of wild hosts as contributors to environmental contamination with Toxocara ova. Furthermore, one major constraint to our understanding of the significance of wildlife parasitism is a lack of access to samples, particularly from rare host species. |
format |
Text |
author |
Holland, Celia V. |
author_facet |
Holland, Celia V. |
author_sort |
Holland, Celia V. |
title |
A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts |
title_short |
A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts |
title_full |
A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts |
title_fullStr |
A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts |
title_full_unstemmed |
A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in wild hosts |
title_sort |
walk on the wild side: a review of the epidemiology of toxocara canis and toxocara cati in wild hosts |
publisher |
Elsevier |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10641444/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37964985 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.008 |
genre |
Canis lupus Lynx Lynx lynx lynx |
genre_facet |
Canis lupus Lynx Lynx lynx lynx |
op_source |
Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10641444/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37964985 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.008 |
op_rights |
© 2023 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.10.008 |
container_title |
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife |
container_volume |
22 |
container_start_page |
216 |
op_container_end_page |
228 |
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1785580844879970304 |