Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa)
The wild boar (Sus scrofa) originates from warm islands but now inhabits large areas of the world, with Antarctica as the only continent not inhabited by this species. One might be tempted to think that its wide distribution results from increasing environmental temperatures. However, any effect of...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10613136 2023-12-03T10:10:02+01:00 Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) Ruf, Thomas Vetter, Sebastian G. Painer-Gigler, Johanna Stalder, Gabrielle Bieber, Claudia 2023-09-24 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10613136/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37742299 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-023-01512-6 en eng Springer Berlin Heidelberg http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10613136/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37742299 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-023-01512-6 © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . J Comp Physiol B Original Paper Text 2023 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-023-01512-6 2023-11-05T02:00:19Z The wild boar (Sus scrofa) originates from warm islands but now inhabits large areas of the world, with Antarctica as the only continent not inhabited by this species. One might be tempted to think that its wide distribution results from increasing environmental temperatures. However, any effect of temperature is only indirect: Abundant availability of critical food resources can fully compensate the negative effects of cold winters on population growth. Here, we asked if temperature as a habitat factor is unimportant compared with other habitat indices, simply because wild boars are excellent thermoregulators. We found that the thermoneutral zone in summer was approximately 6–24 °C. In winter, the thermoneutral zone was lowered to 0–7 °C. The estimated increase in the heart rate and energy expenditure in the cold was less than 30% per 10 °C temperature decline. This relatively small increase of energy expenditure during cold exposure places the wild boar in the realm of arctic animals, such as the polar bear, whereas tropical mammals raise their energy expenditure several fold. The response of wild boars to high T(a) was weak across all seasons. In the heat, wild boars avoid close contact to conspecifics and particularly use wallowing in mud or other wet substrates to cool and prevent hyperthermia. Wild boars also rely on daily cycles, especially of rhythms in subcutaneous temperature that enables them to cheaply build large core–shell gradients, which serve to lower heat loss. We argue it is predominantly this ability which allowed wild boars to inhabit most climatically diverse areas in the world. Text Antarc* Antarctica Arctic polar bear PubMed Central (PMC) Arctic Journal of Comparative Physiology B 193 6 689 697 |
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Original Paper |
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Original Paper Ruf, Thomas Vetter, Sebastian G. Painer-Gigler, Johanna Stalder, Gabrielle Bieber, Claudia Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) |
topic_facet |
Original Paper |
description |
The wild boar (Sus scrofa) originates from warm islands but now inhabits large areas of the world, with Antarctica as the only continent not inhabited by this species. One might be tempted to think that its wide distribution results from increasing environmental temperatures. However, any effect of temperature is only indirect: Abundant availability of critical food resources can fully compensate the negative effects of cold winters on population growth. Here, we asked if temperature as a habitat factor is unimportant compared with other habitat indices, simply because wild boars are excellent thermoregulators. We found that the thermoneutral zone in summer was approximately 6–24 °C. In winter, the thermoneutral zone was lowered to 0–7 °C. The estimated increase in the heart rate and energy expenditure in the cold was less than 30% per 10 °C temperature decline. This relatively small increase of energy expenditure during cold exposure places the wild boar in the realm of arctic animals, such as the polar bear, whereas tropical mammals raise their energy expenditure several fold. The response of wild boars to high T(a) was weak across all seasons. In the heat, wild boars avoid close contact to conspecifics and particularly use wallowing in mud or other wet substrates to cool and prevent hyperthermia. Wild boars also rely on daily cycles, especially of rhythms in subcutaneous temperature that enables them to cheaply build large core–shell gradients, which serve to lower heat loss. We argue it is predominantly this ability which allowed wild boars to inhabit most climatically diverse areas in the world. |
format |
Text |
author |
Ruf, Thomas Vetter, Sebastian G. Painer-Gigler, Johanna Stalder, Gabrielle Bieber, Claudia |
author_facet |
Ruf, Thomas Vetter, Sebastian G. Painer-Gigler, Johanna Stalder, Gabrielle Bieber, Claudia |
author_sort |
Ruf, Thomas |
title |
Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) |
title_short |
Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) |
title_full |
Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) |
title_fullStr |
Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa) |
title_sort |
thermoregulation in the wild boar (sus scrofa) |
publisher |
Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10613136/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37742299 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-023-01512-6 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic polar bear |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Arctic polar bear |
op_source |
J Comp Physiol B |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10613136/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37742299 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-023-01512-6 |
op_rights |
© The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-023-01512-6 |
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Journal of Comparative Physiology B |
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193 |
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6 |
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