Interannual and decadal variability in the air-sea exchange of CO₂ - a model study

• Main Author: Wetzel, P.
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: University of Hamburg 2005
• Subjects: Pacific; North Atlantic; North Atlantic oscillation
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF53-0; http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FF52-1

This study investigates the mechanisms of North Atlantic-European climate using atmosphere general circulation models (AGCMs). Experiments with the AGCM ECHAM4, in which the sea surface temperature (SST) forcing is restricted to either the Atlantic or the Indo-Pacific oceans, show that both oceanic regions have an influence on North Atlantic-European climate in winter. In the experiment with SST forcing restricted to the Indo-Pacific oceans the atmospheric response projects on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), while in the experiment with SST forcing restricted to the Atlantic Ocean the atmospheric response projects on the East-Atlantic Pattern. A multi-model intercomparison study shows that the region with the dominant influence on North Atlantic-European winter climate varies between different AGCMs. The dominant forcing of the atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic-European region in ECHAM4 is from the tropical eastern Pacific. However, in three other AGCMs the dominant forcing of this mode is from the tropical North Atlantic region. The importance of North Atlantic SST for North Atlantic-European climate is shown in another multi-model intercomparison study. The idealized North Atlantic SST anomaly pattern for this experiment has the structure of a tripole, which is believed to have the strongest impact on North Atlantic climate. Agreements between the responses in the different AGCMs are found concerning the NAO, Eurasian temperatures, rainfall over America and Africa, and the Asian monsoon. The results suggest that the extratropical North Atlantic region response is associated with remote Caribbean and tropical Atlantic SST anomalies, and with local forcing. All of these results support the conclusion that the ocean has a significant influence on North Atlantic-European climate. In addition to the mechanisms, this study investigates the predictability of North Atlantic-European climate. A control integration and ensemble experiments with the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model ...