Ice observations in the Southern Ocean between 1878 and 1928
During the period in question, large ice drifts transported incalculable numbers of icebergs, ice fields and ice floes from the Antarctica into the South Atlantic, confronting long-journeying sailing ships on the Cape Horn route with considerable danger. As is still the case today, the ice drifts ge...
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1994
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ftpangaea:oai:pangaea.de:doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 2023-05-15T14:03:05+02:00 Ice observations in the Southern Ocean between 1878 and 1928 Kozian, Walter MEDIAN LATITUDE: -48.722967 * MEDIAN LONGITUDE: -47.848944 * SOUTH-BOUND LATITUDE: -60.000000 * WEST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -80.000000 * NORTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 0.000000 * EAST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -0.783000 * DATE/TIME START: 1878-04-09T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1928-01-08T00:00:00 1994-05-13 text/tab-separated-values, 905 data points https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 en eng PANGAEA https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 CC-BY-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Access constraints: unrestricted info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC-BY Supplement to: Kozian, Walter (1994): Die grossen Eistriften im südwestlichen Teil des Südatlantiks und vor Kap Hoorn - Von 1854 bis zum Niedergang der Segelschiffahrt = The great ice drifts in the southwestern area of the South Atlantic and off Cape Horn from 1854 until the decline of navigation by sail. Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv, 17, 51-92, hdl:10013/epic.47748.d001 Comment DATE/TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE Page(s) Platform Dataset 1994 ftpangaea https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 2023-01-20T09:07:14Z During the period in question, large ice drifts transported incalculable numbers of icebergs, ice fields and ice floes from the Antarctica into the South Atlantic, confronting long-journeying sailing ships on the Cape Horn route with considerable danger. As is still the case today, the ice drifts generally tended in a northeasterly direction. Thus it can be assumed that the ice masses occuring near Cape Horn and in the South Atlantic originated in Graham Land and the South Shetland Islands, while those found in the Pacific will have come from Victoria Land. The masses drifting to Cape Horn, Isla de los Estados, the Falkland Islands and occasionally as far as the Tristan da Cunha Group are transported by the West Wind Drift and Falkland Current, diverted by the Brazil Current. The Bouvet and Agulhas Currents have little influence here. The great ice masses repeatedly reached points beyond the "outermost drift ice boundery" calculated in the course of the years, to continue on in the direction of the equator. The number of sailing ships which fell victim to the ice drifts while rounding Cape Horn can only be surmised; they simply disappeared without a trace in the expanses of the South Atlantic. Until the end of the 1900s the dangers presented by ice were less serious for westward-bound ships than for the "homeward-bounders" travelling from West to East. Following the turn of the century, however, the risk for "onwardbounders" increased significantly. Whether the ice drifts actually grew in might or whether the more frequent and more detailed reports led to this impression, could never be ascertained by the German Hydrographie Office. In the forty-one years between 1868 and 1908, ten light, ten medium and nine heavy ice years were counted, and only twelve years in which no reports of ice were submitted to the German Hydrographie Office. "One of the most terrible dangers threatening ships on their return from the Pacific Ocean," the pilot book for the Atlantic Ocean warns, "is the encounter with ice, to be expected ... Dataset Antarc* Antarctica Graham Land South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Victoria Land PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science Southern Ocean Victoria Land South Shetland Islands Pacific Tristan ENVELOPE(140.900,140.900,-66.735,-66.735) Bouvet ENVELOPE(3.358,3.358,-54.422,-54.422) Graham Land ENVELOPE(-63.500,-63.500,-66.000,-66.000) Cape Horn ENVELOPE(-135.021,-135.021,61.583,61.583) ENVELOPE(-80.000000,-0.783000,0.000000,-60.000000) |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science |
op_collection_id |
ftpangaea |
language |
English |
topic |
Comment DATE/TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE Page(s) Platform |
spellingShingle |
Comment DATE/TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE Page(s) Platform Kozian, Walter Ice observations in the Southern Ocean between 1878 and 1928 |
topic_facet |
Comment DATE/TIME LATITUDE LONGITUDE Page(s) Platform |
description |
During the period in question, large ice drifts transported incalculable numbers of icebergs, ice fields and ice floes from the Antarctica into the South Atlantic, confronting long-journeying sailing ships on the Cape Horn route with considerable danger. As is still the case today, the ice drifts generally tended in a northeasterly direction. Thus it can be assumed that the ice masses occuring near Cape Horn and in the South Atlantic originated in Graham Land and the South Shetland Islands, while those found in the Pacific will have come from Victoria Land. The masses drifting to Cape Horn, Isla de los Estados, the Falkland Islands and occasionally as far as the Tristan da Cunha Group are transported by the West Wind Drift and Falkland Current, diverted by the Brazil Current. The Bouvet and Agulhas Currents have little influence here. The great ice masses repeatedly reached points beyond the "outermost drift ice boundery" calculated in the course of the years, to continue on in the direction of the equator. The number of sailing ships which fell victim to the ice drifts while rounding Cape Horn can only be surmised; they simply disappeared without a trace in the expanses of the South Atlantic. Until the end of the 1900s the dangers presented by ice were less serious for westward-bound ships than for the "homeward-bounders" travelling from West to East. Following the turn of the century, however, the risk for "onwardbounders" increased significantly. Whether the ice drifts actually grew in might or whether the more frequent and more detailed reports led to this impression, could never be ascertained by the German Hydrographie Office. In the forty-one years between 1868 and 1908, ten light, ten medium and nine heavy ice years were counted, and only twelve years in which no reports of ice were submitted to the German Hydrographie Office. "One of the most terrible dangers threatening ships on their return from the Pacific Ocean," the pilot book for the Atlantic Ocean warns, "is the encounter with ice, to be expected ... |
format |
Dataset |
author |
Kozian, Walter |
author_facet |
Kozian, Walter |
author_sort |
Kozian, Walter |
title |
Ice observations in the Southern Ocean between 1878 and 1928 |
title_short |
Ice observations in the Southern Ocean between 1878 and 1928 |
title_full |
Ice observations in the Southern Ocean between 1878 and 1928 |
title_fullStr |
Ice observations in the Southern Ocean between 1878 and 1928 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ice observations in the Southern Ocean between 1878 and 1928 |
title_sort |
ice observations in the southern ocean between 1878 and 1928 |
publisher |
PANGAEA |
publishDate |
1994 |
url |
https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 |
op_coverage |
MEDIAN LATITUDE: -48.722967 * MEDIAN LONGITUDE: -47.848944 * SOUTH-BOUND LATITUDE: -60.000000 * WEST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -80.000000 * NORTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 0.000000 * EAST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -0.783000 * DATE/TIME START: 1878-04-09T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1928-01-08T00:00:00 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(140.900,140.900,-66.735,-66.735) ENVELOPE(3.358,3.358,-54.422,-54.422) ENVELOPE(-63.500,-63.500,-66.000,-66.000) ENVELOPE(-135.021,-135.021,61.583,61.583) ENVELOPE(-80.000000,-0.783000,0.000000,-60.000000) |
geographic |
Southern Ocean Victoria Land South Shetland Islands Pacific Tristan Bouvet Graham Land Cape Horn |
geographic_facet |
Southern Ocean Victoria Land South Shetland Islands Pacific Tristan Bouvet Graham Land Cape Horn |
genre |
Antarc* Antarctica Graham Land South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Victoria Land |
genre_facet |
Antarc* Antarctica Graham Land South Shetland Islands Southern Ocean Victoria Land |
op_source |
Supplement to: Kozian, Walter (1994): Die grossen Eistriften im südwestlichen Teil des Südatlantiks und vor Kap Hoorn - Von 1854 bis zum Niedergang der Segelschiffahrt = The great ice drifts in the southwestern area of the South Atlantic and off Cape Horn from 1854 until the decline of navigation by sail. Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv, 17, 51-92, hdl:10013/epic.47748.d001 |
op_relation |
https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 |
op_rights |
CC-BY-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Access constraints: unrestricted info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.860445 |
_version_ |
1766273612891815936 |