(Table 3) Air temperatures, and snow and ice characteristics of fresh and brackish water lakes in the Northwest Territories, Canada

• Main Authors: Gunn, Grant E, Duguay, Claude R, Derksen, Chris, Lemmetyinen, Juha, Toose, Peter
• Format: Dataset
• Language: English
• Published: PANGAEA 2011
• Subjects: DATE/TIME; Date/time end; Density; snow; Event label; Ice type; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Lake_Noel; Lake_Sitidgi; Lakes_A-B; Lakes_Husky; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Northwest Territories; Canada; Parsons Lake; Sea ice thickness; Site; Snow/ice sample; Snow grain size; Snow thickness; Snow water equivalent; Temperature; air; Water bodies; Inuvik; International Polar Year; Sea ice
• Online Access: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.810343; https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.810343

The algorithms designed to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) using passive microwave measurements falter in lake-rich high-latitude environments due to the emission properties of ice covered lakes on low frequency measurements. Microwave emission models have been used to simulate brightness temperatures (Tbs) for snowpack characteristics in terrestrial environments but cannot be applied to snow on lakes because of the differing subsurface emissivities and scattering matrices present in ice. This paper examines the performance of a modified version of the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) snow emission model that incorporates microwave emission from lake ice and sub-ice water. Inputs to the HUT model include measurements collected over brackish and freshwater lakes north of Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada in April 2008, consisting of snowpack (depth, density, and snow water equivalent) and lake ice (thickness and ice type). Coincident airborne radiometer measurements at a resolution of 80x100 m were used as ground-truth to evaluate the simulations. The results indicate that subsurface media are simulated best when utilizing a modeled effective grain size and a 1 mm RMS surface roughness at the ice/water interface compared to using measured grain size and a flat Fresnel reflective surface as input. Simulations at 37 GHz (vertical polarization) produce the best results compared to airborne Tbs, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 6.2 K and 7.9 K, as well as Mean Bias Errors (MBEs) of -8.4 K and -8.8 K for brackish and freshwater sites respectively. Freshwater simulations at 6.9 and 19 GHz H exhibited low RMSE (10.53 and 6.15 K respectively) and MBE (-5.37 and 8.36 K respectively) but did not accurately simulate Tb variability (R= -0.15 and 0.01 respectively). Over brackish water, 6.9 GHz simulations had poor agreement with airborne Tbs, while 19 GHz V exhibited a low RMSE (6.15 K), MBE (-4.52 K) and improved relative agreement to airborne measurements (R = 0.47). Salinity considerations reduced ...