Seawater carbonate chemistry and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus body length and gene expression pattern changes during experiments, 2011

• Main Authors: Stumpp, Meike, Dupont, Sam, Thorndyke, Mike, Melzner, Frank
• Format: Dataset
• Language: English
• Published: PANGAEA 2011
• Subjects: Alkalinity; total; standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; BIOACID; Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (<20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon; inorganic; dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Change in Anion exchanger 3; SLC4A3 expression; Change in anion exchanger 3-like protein; Change in anion exchanger 3-like protein SLC4A3 expression; Change in ATP-synthase beta-subunit expression; Change in carbonic anhydrase 15-subfamily expression; Change in carbonic anhydrase related protein expression; Change in Citrate synthase expression; Change in Echinonectin expression; Change in FACT complex subunit SPT16 expression; Change in Heat shock protein 70 kDa expression; Change in Heat shock protein gp96 expression; Ocean acidification
• Online Access: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.774447; https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.774447

Extensive use of fossil fuels is leading to increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and causes changes in the carbonate chemistry of the oceans which represents a major sink for anthropogenic CO2. As a result, the oceans' surface pH is expected to decrease by ca. 0.4 units by the year 2100, a major change with potentially negative consequences for some marine species. Because of their carbonate skeleton, sea urchins and their larval stages are regarded as likely to be one of the more sensitive taxa. In order to investigate sensitivity of pre-feeding (2 days post-fertilization) and feeding (4 and 7 days post-fertilization) pluteus larvae, we raised Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos in control (pH 8.1 and pCO2 41 Pa e.g. 399 µatm) and CO2 acidified seawater with pH of 7.7 (pCO2 134 Pa e.g. 1318 µatm) and investigated growth, calcification and survival. At three time points (day 2, day 4 and day 7 post-fertilization), we measured the expression of 26 representative genes important for metabolism, calcification and ion regulation using RT-qPCR. After one week of development, we observed a significant difference in growth. Maximum differences in size were detected at day 4 (ca. 10 % reduction in body length). A comparison of gene expression patterns using PCA and ANOSIM clearly distinguished between the different age groups (Two way ANOSIM: Global R = 1) while acidification effects were less pronounced (Global R = 0.518). Significant differences in gene expression patterns (ANOSIM R = 0.938, SIMPER: 4.3% difference) were also detected at day 4 leading to the hypothesis that differences between CO2 treatments could reflect patterns of expression seen in control experiments of a younger larva and thus a developmental artifact rather than a direct CO2 effect. We found an up regulation of metabolic genes (between 10 to 20% in ATP-synthase, citrate synthase, pyruvate kinase and thiolase at day 4) and down regulation of calcification related genes (between 23 and 36% in msp130, SM30B, SM50 at day 4). Ion ...