Southern Ocean latitudinal gradients of cloud condensation nuclei

• Published in: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
• Main Authors: Humphries, Ruhi S., Keywood, Melita D., Gribben, Sean, McRobert, Ian M., Ward, Jason P., Selleck, Paul, Taylor, Sally, Harnwell, James, Flynn, Connor, Kulkarni, Gourihar R., Mace, Gerald G., Protat, Alain, Alexander, Simon P., McFarquhar, Greg
• Language: unknown
• Published: 2021
• Subjects: 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Antarctic; Southern Ocean; The Antarctic; Austral; Antarc*; Antarctica
• Online Access: http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1819464; https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1819464; https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12757-2021

The Southern Ocean region is one of the most pristine in the world and serves as an important proxy for the pre-industrial atmosphere. Improving our understanding of the natural processes in this region is likely to result in the largest reductions in the uncertainty of climate and earth system models. While remoteness from anthropogenic and continental sources is responsible for its clean atmosphere, this also results in the dearth of atmospheric observations in the region. Here we present a statistical summary of the latitudinal gradient of aerosol (condensation nuclei larger than 10 nm, CN 10 ) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN at various supersaturations) concentrations obtained from five voyages spanning the Southern Ocean between Australia and Antarctica from late spring to early autumn (October to March) of the 2017/18 austral seasons. Three main regions of influence were identified: the northern sector (40–45° S), where continental and anthropogenic sources coexisted with background marine aerosol populations; the mid-latitude sector (45–65° S), where the aerosol populations reflected a mixture of biogenic and sea-salt aerosol; and the southern sector (65–70° S), south of the atmospheric polar front, where sea-salt aerosol concentrations were greatly reduced and aerosol populations were primarily biologically derived sulfur species with a significant history in the Antarctic free troposphere. The northern sector showed the highest number concentrations with median (25th to 75th percentiles) CN 10 and CCN 0.5 concentrations of 681 (388–839) cm –3 and 322 (105–443) cm –3 , respectively. Concentrations in the mid-latitudes were typically around 350 cm –3 and 160 cm –3 for CN 10 and CCN 0.5 , respectively. In the southern sector, concentrations rose markedly, reaching 447 (298–446) cm –3 and 232 (186–271) cm –3 for CN 10 and CCN 0.5 , respectively. The aerosol composition in this sector was marked by a distinct drop in sea salt and increase in both sulfate fraction and absolute concentrations, resulting in ...