Genomic divergence in Atlantic cod populations
The core of this thesis has been to address the genomic basis that underlies adaptation to environmental differences in the marine environment. We use Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) to enhance our understanding of several ecological and evolutionary questions, where we seek not only to identify the...
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Format: | Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis |
Language: | English |
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2017
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Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10852/55159 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-57964 |
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Universitet i Oslo: Digitale utgivelser ved UiO (DUO) |
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English |
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The core of this thesis has been to address the genomic basis that underlies adaptation to environmental differences in the marine environment. We use Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) to enhance our understanding of several ecological and evolutionary questions, where we seek not only to identify the sheer genetic differences between populations, but also seek to identify what these genomic elements are and try to unravel some of the genetic mechanisms that are involved in maintaining and creating such differences. To put the work into context, I first explain the general principles of population genetics/genomics for non-model species. Furthermore, I describe some key biological features and previous population genetic work in Atlantic cod, which makes a relevant background for interpreting and discussing our results in a general context. The development of a SNParray and linkage maps has provided a valuable tool that is used throughout the thesis. By using this resource in different populations of Atlantic cod, we describe genomic regions likely to be involved in adaptation to different salinity and temperature conditions or differences associated with behavior. The genomic basis of migratory and non-migratory ecotype divergence is explored between the adjacent North East arctic cod and Norwegian coastal cod populations as well as at a trans-Atlantic scale, while adaptation to oceanic and coastal behavioral types is explored at a local scale in the North Sea and at the Skagerrak coast. Our analyses of these data indicate that a range of genomic regions of several megabases each – which combined span more than 6% of the Atlantic cod genome – play a central role in the genetic divergence between various populations. Novel findings in this thesis are that some of the most prominent genomic ‘islands of divergence’ are chromosomal rearrangements in the form of large inversions. Our data suggests a central role for these inversions, each containing hundreds of genes, in maintaining and creating genomic divergence in Atlantic cod. These ‘islands’ are likely to foster the evolution of co-adapted genes or ‘supergenes’ by protecting adaptive loci from recombination and thereby facilitating adaptive genomic divergence across different environments and behavioral ecotypes throughout the distribution range. As such, we have provided new insight into the genomic architecture of distinct ecotypes that constitute different life history strategies as well as for populations facing distinctly different environmental conditions. Such knowledge could eventually warrant a more sustainable exploitation and management of Atlantic cod as a species and contribute to a better protection of marine biodiversity in general. |
format |
Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis |
author |
Berg, Paul R. |
spellingShingle |
Berg, Paul R. Genomic divergence in Atlantic cod populations |
author_facet |
Berg, Paul R. |
author_sort |
Berg, Paul R. |
title |
Genomic divergence in Atlantic cod populations |
title_short |
Genomic divergence in Atlantic cod populations |
title_full |
Genomic divergence in Atlantic cod populations |
title_fullStr |
Genomic divergence in Atlantic cod populations |
title_full_unstemmed |
Genomic divergence in Atlantic cod populations |
title_sort |
genomic divergence in atlantic cod populations |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10852/55159 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-57964 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic cod Arctic atlantic cod Gadus morhua |
genre_facet |
Arctic cod Arctic atlantic cod Gadus morhua |
op_relation |
Paper I Berg PR, Jentoft S, Star B, Ring KH, Knutsen H, Lien S, Jakobsen KS, André C. (2015). Adaptation to low salinity promotes genomic divergence in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Genome Biology and Evolution 7 (6): 1644-1663. The paper is available in DUO: http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-51854 Paper II Berg PR, Star B, Pampoulie C, Sodeland M, Barth JMI, Knutsen H, Jakobsen KS Jentoft S. (2016). Three chromosomal rearrangements promote genomic divergence between migratory and stationary ecotypes of Atlantic cod. Scientific Reports 6:23246. The paper is available in DUO: http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54553 Paper III Sodeland M, Jorde PE, Lien S, Jentoft S, Berg PR, Grove H, Kent MP, Arnyasi M, Olsen EM, Knutsen H. (2016). 'Islands of divergence' in the Atlantic cod genome represent polymorphic chromosomal rearrangements. Genome Biology and Evolution 8 (4): 1012-1022. The paper is available in DUO: http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54551 Paper IV Berg PR, Star B, Pampoulie C, Bradbury IR, Bentzen P, Hutchings JA, Jentoft S, Jakobsen KS. (2017). Trans-oceanic genomic divergence of Atlantic cod ecotypes is associated with large inversions. Heredity (2017) 119, 418–428 (2017). The paper is available in DUO: http://hdl.handle.net/10852/59223 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-51854 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54553 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54551 http://hdl.handle.net/10852/59223 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-57964 http://hdl.handle.net/10852/55159 URN:NBN:no-57964 Fulltext https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/55159/1/PhD-Berg-DUO.pdf |
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ftoslouniv:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/55159 2023-05-15T14:30:32+02:00 Genomic divergence in Atlantic cod populations Berg, Paul R. 2017 http://hdl.handle.net/10852/55159 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-57964 en eng Paper I Berg PR, Jentoft S, Star B, Ring KH, Knutsen H, Lien S, Jakobsen KS, André C. (2015). Adaptation to low salinity promotes genomic divergence in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Genome Biology and Evolution 7 (6): 1644-1663. The paper is available in DUO: http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-51854 Paper II Berg PR, Star B, Pampoulie C, Sodeland M, Barth JMI, Knutsen H, Jakobsen KS Jentoft S. (2016). Three chromosomal rearrangements promote genomic divergence between migratory and stationary ecotypes of Atlantic cod. Scientific Reports 6:23246. The paper is available in DUO: http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54553 Paper III Sodeland M, Jorde PE, Lien S, Jentoft S, Berg PR, Grove H, Kent MP, Arnyasi M, Olsen EM, Knutsen H. (2016). 'Islands of divergence' in the Atlantic cod genome represent polymorphic chromosomal rearrangements. Genome Biology and Evolution 8 (4): 1012-1022. The paper is available in DUO: http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54551 Paper IV Berg PR, Star B, Pampoulie C, Bradbury IR, Bentzen P, Hutchings JA, Jentoft S, Jakobsen KS. (2017). Trans-oceanic genomic divergence of Atlantic cod ecotypes is associated with large inversions. Heredity (2017) 119, 418–428 (2017). The paper is available in DUO: http://hdl.handle.net/10852/59223 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-51854 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54553 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-54551 http://hdl.handle.net/10852/59223 http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-57964 http://hdl.handle.net/10852/55159 URN:NBN:no-57964 Fulltext https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/55159/1/PhD-Berg-DUO.pdf Doctoral thesis Doktoravhandling 2017 ftoslouniv 2020-06-21T08:50:23Z The core of this thesis has been to address the genomic basis that underlies adaptation to environmental differences in the marine environment. We use Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) to enhance our understanding of several ecological and evolutionary questions, where we seek not only to identify the sheer genetic differences between populations, but also seek to identify what these genomic elements are and try to unravel some of the genetic mechanisms that are involved in maintaining and creating such differences. To put the work into context, I first explain the general principles of population genetics/genomics for non-model species. Furthermore, I describe some key biological features and previous population genetic work in Atlantic cod, which makes a relevant background for interpreting and discussing our results in a general context. The development of a SNParray and linkage maps has provided a valuable tool that is used throughout the thesis. By using this resource in different populations of Atlantic cod, we describe genomic regions likely to be involved in adaptation to different salinity and temperature conditions or differences associated with behavior. The genomic basis of migratory and non-migratory ecotype divergence is explored between the adjacent North East arctic cod and Norwegian coastal cod populations as well as at a trans-Atlantic scale, while adaptation to oceanic and coastal behavioral types is explored at a local scale in the North Sea and at the Skagerrak coast. Our analyses of these data indicate that a range of genomic regions of several megabases each – which combined span more than 6% of the Atlantic cod genome – play a central role in the genetic divergence between various populations. Novel findings in this thesis are that some of the most prominent genomic ‘islands of divergence’ are chromosomal rearrangements in the form of large inversions. Our data suggests a central role for these inversions, each containing hundreds of genes, in maintaining and creating genomic divergence in Atlantic cod. These ‘islands’ are likely to foster the evolution of co-adapted genes or ‘supergenes’ by protecting adaptive loci from recombination and thereby facilitating adaptive genomic divergence across different environments and behavioral ecotypes throughout the distribution range. As such, we have provided new insight into the genomic architecture of distinct ecotypes that constitute different life history strategies as well as for populations facing distinctly different environmental conditions. Such knowledge could eventually warrant a more sustainable exploitation and management of Atlantic cod as a species and contribute to a better protection of marine biodiversity in general. Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis Arctic cod Arctic atlantic cod Gadus morhua Universitet i Oslo: Digitale utgivelser ved UiO (DUO) Arctic |