| Summary: | Sea ice has rarely been considered in estimates of global biogeochemical cycles, especially gas exchanges, because of the assumption that, in ice-covered seas, sea-ice acts as a barrier for atmosphere–ocean exchange. However, recent work has shown that sea ice and its snow cover play an active role in the exchange of gases between the ocean and atmosphere [1] [2]. Our results provide a useful reference for future studies as the ongoing drastic changes in polar climate and sea ice extent are likely to alter the biogeochemical cycles in polar ocean–sea ice–atmosphere system. However,, the lack of information for the winter-time sea ice biogeochemistry was pointed out, due to the difficulty to acquire data under harsh weather conditions. In this presentation, we will present our recent winter-time sea ice surveys of sea ice biogeochemistry on the R/V Aurora Australis off East Antarctica (SIPEX-II) in 2012 and the midwinter sea ice cruise on the R/V Polarstern in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica (AWECS) in 2013. In addition, we will also show the ongoing project of Norwegian Young sea ICE cruise (NICE2015) on the R/V Lance drifting for half a year in Arctic sea ice north of Svalbard in 2015. [1] Nomura et al. (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 118, 6511- 6524. [2] Delille et al. (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 119, 6340-6355.
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