Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest
How a volcano has behaved throughout its past is a guide to its future behaviour. Detailed knowledge of what preceded eruptions from specific volcanoes, and how this can be recognised in real-time, are pivotal questions of this field. Here, the physical history of the magma that erupted in 2010 from...
Published in: | Earth and Planetary Science Letters |
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/871 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 |
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ftopinvisindi:oai:opinvisindi.is:20.500.11815/871 2023-05-15T16:09:32+02:00 Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest Pankhurst, Matthew J. Morgan, Daniel J. Thordarson, Thorvaldur Loughlin, Sue C. Jarðvísindadeild (HÍ) Faculty of Earth Sciences (UI) Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ) School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI) Háskóli Íslands University of Iceland 2018-07 231-241 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/871 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 en eng Elsevier BV Earth and Planetary Science Letters;493 Pankhurst, M. J., Morgan, D. J., Thordarson, T., & Loughlin, S. C. (2018). Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 493, 231-241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 0012-821X https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/871 Earth and Planetary Science Letters doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Magma plumbing system Eyjafjallajökull Petrogenesis Olivine diffusion Chronometry Volcano monitoring Eldgosið í Eyjafjallajökli Eldgos Hraunrennsli Eldfjöll Bergfræði info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2018 ftopinvisindi https://doi.org/20.500.11815/871 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 2022-11-18T06:51:40Z How a volcano has behaved throughout its past is a guide to its future behaviour. Detailed knowledge of what preceded eruptions from specific volcanoes, and how this can be recognised in real-time, are pivotal questions of this field. Here, the physical history of the magma that erupted in 2010 from the flank of Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, is reconstructed in absolute time and space using only chemical records from erupted crystals. The details of this reconstruction include the number of magma bodies, their geometry, their depth, their relative inflation rate and changes to all of the aforementioned through time. Petrology and geodesy (data gathered in real-time) arrive at the same set of conclusions. As such, we report detailed agreement, which demonstrates a causative link between knowledge determined post-eruption via a physical–chemical perspective and knowledge gained syn-eruption from monitoring signals. The composition of olivine crystal cores (∼Fo74–87), and that of the chemical zonation around each core caused by disequilibrium processes, are shown to form systematic patterns at the population scale. Reverse zonation (toward Mg rich) exhibits a constant chemical offset from its crystal core (≤2 mol % Fo), while normal zonation (toward Fe rich) converges to a single composition (∼Fo75). Conventional petrological models — for instance multiple-magma-mixing across a range of crustal depths — can explain the presence of a range of crystal core composition in the erupted rocks, but cannot explain these patterns of crystal disequilibria. Instead, we describe how a single primitive melt produces crystals over a wide range in composition and generates systematic disequilibrium. Cooling causes crystal production from both roof and floor of a horizontal magma geometry. Crystal settling causes asymmetric thermal – and therefore compositional – stratification of the melt due to progressive insulation via development of a crystal mush at the floor, a process we term “Crystal Rain”. Crucially, each crystal's ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Eyjafjallajökull Iceland Opin vísindi (Iceland) Earth and Planetary Science Letters 493 231 241 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Opin vísindi (Iceland) |
op_collection_id |
ftopinvisindi |
language |
English |
topic |
Magma plumbing system Eyjafjallajökull Petrogenesis Olivine diffusion Chronometry Volcano monitoring Eldgosið í Eyjafjallajökli Eldgos Hraunrennsli Eldfjöll Bergfræði |
spellingShingle |
Magma plumbing system Eyjafjallajökull Petrogenesis Olivine diffusion Chronometry Volcano monitoring Eldgosið í Eyjafjallajökli Eldgos Hraunrennsli Eldfjöll Bergfræði Pankhurst, Matthew J. Morgan, Daniel J. Thordarson, Thorvaldur Loughlin, Sue C. Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest |
topic_facet |
Magma plumbing system Eyjafjallajökull Petrogenesis Olivine diffusion Chronometry Volcano monitoring Eldgosið í Eyjafjallajökli Eldgos Hraunrennsli Eldfjöll Bergfræði |
description |
How a volcano has behaved throughout its past is a guide to its future behaviour. Detailed knowledge of what preceded eruptions from specific volcanoes, and how this can be recognised in real-time, are pivotal questions of this field. Here, the physical history of the magma that erupted in 2010 from the flank of Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, is reconstructed in absolute time and space using only chemical records from erupted crystals. The details of this reconstruction include the number of magma bodies, their geometry, their depth, their relative inflation rate and changes to all of the aforementioned through time. Petrology and geodesy (data gathered in real-time) arrive at the same set of conclusions. As such, we report detailed agreement, which demonstrates a causative link between knowledge determined post-eruption via a physical–chemical perspective and knowledge gained syn-eruption from monitoring signals. The composition of olivine crystal cores (∼Fo74–87), and that of the chemical zonation around each core caused by disequilibrium processes, are shown to form systematic patterns at the population scale. Reverse zonation (toward Mg rich) exhibits a constant chemical offset from its crystal core (≤2 mol % Fo), while normal zonation (toward Fe rich) converges to a single composition (∼Fo75). Conventional petrological models — for instance multiple-magma-mixing across a range of crustal depths — can explain the presence of a range of crystal core composition in the erupted rocks, but cannot explain these patterns of crystal disequilibria. Instead, we describe how a single primitive melt produces crystals over a wide range in composition and generates systematic disequilibrium. Cooling causes crystal production from both roof and floor of a horizontal magma geometry. Crystal settling causes asymmetric thermal – and therefore compositional – stratification of the melt due to progressive insulation via development of a crystal mush at the floor, a process we term “Crystal Rain”. Crucially, each crystal's ... |
author2 |
Jarðvísindadeild (HÍ) Faculty of Earth Sciences (UI) Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ) School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI) Háskóli Íslands University of Iceland |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Pankhurst, Matthew J. Morgan, Daniel J. Thordarson, Thorvaldur Loughlin, Sue C. |
author_facet |
Pankhurst, Matthew J. Morgan, Daniel J. Thordarson, Thorvaldur Loughlin, Sue C. |
author_sort |
Pankhurst, Matthew J. |
title |
Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest |
title_short |
Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest |
title_full |
Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest |
title_fullStr |
Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest |
title_full_unstemmed |
Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest |
title_sort |
magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest |
publisher |
Elsevier BV |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/871 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 |
genre |
Eyjafjallajökull Iceland |
genre_facet |
Eyjafjallajökull Iceland |
op_relation |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters;493 Pankhurst, M. J., Morgan, D. J., Thordarson, T., & Loughlin, S. C. (2018). Magmatic crystal records in time, space, and process, causatively linked with volcanic unrest. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 493, 231-241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 0012-821X https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/871 Earth and Planetary Science Letters doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/20.500.11815/871 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.025 |
container_title |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters |
container_volume |
493 |
container_start_page |
231 |
op_container_end_page |
241 |
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1766405395858849792 |