Lipids at high latitudes: investigation of sources, environmental controls, and new potential applications of brGDGT-based paleoclimate proxies

• Main Author: Råberg, Jonathan Henrik
• Other Authors: Áslaug Geirsdóttir, Jarðvísindadeild (HÍ), Faculty of Earth Sciences (UI), Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, University of Iceland
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: University of Iceland, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences 2022
• Subjects: brGDGTs; biomarker; Paleoclimatology; organic geochemistry; Lífræn efnafræði; Jarðefnafræði; Doktorsritgerðir; Arctic; Iceland
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/2925

As high latitude regions continue a decades-long trend of warming at roughly twice the rate of the global average, an understanding of their climatic histories becomes increasing important for predicting their future. Organic molecular proxies preserved in lake sediment archives offer one avenue for reconstructing key elements of such past climates, including their temperature, precipitation, and vegetation regimes. In particular, a class of bacterial membrane-spanning lipids called branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) form the basis for a paleothermometer that can be applied to reconstruct temperatures as far back as the Cretaceous in sedimentary archives across the globe. Despite these successes, challenges remain that complicate the development and application of brGDGT-based proxies. First, while they correlate best with temperature and pH, other environmental parameters can influence brGDGT distributions, including seasonality, conductivity, and oxygen availability. Second, it is unknown whether these empirical correlations are the result of a direct physiological response of brGDGT-producing organisms to their environment or an indirect effect resulting from variations in bacterial community composition. Finally, an incomplete understanding of where brGDGTs are produced on the landscape and how they contribute to the sedimentary record hinders our ability to interpret proxies in mixed-source archives. Herein, I present research addressing each of these three challenges with an emphasis on the Eastern Canadian Arctic and Iceland. First, I develop a technique for grouping brGDGTs based on structural characteristics and show that it can be used to deconvolve the effects of temperature and pH/conductivity. I further find a warm-season bias in brGDGT-derived temperatures and develop calibration equations for temperature and conductivity. Next, I compile >2500 samples from a dozen sample types across the globe and find near-universal trends in the relationships between brGDGTs and ...