From partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some Icelandic basalts
This thesis provides insights into the petrogenesis of Iceland basalts via three subprojects. The first uses olivine macrocrysts as a proxy for mantle melting conditions below Iceland, the second utilizes petrological thermobarometry to resolve the crustal storage conditions of the most primitive ba...
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Format: | Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis |
Language: | English |
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Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki; Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland
2020
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1584 |
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ftopinvisindi:oai:opinvisindi.is:20.500.11815/1584 2023-05-15T16:09:28+02:00 From partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some Icelandic basalts Nikkola, Paavo Tapani Rämö; Þorvaldur Þórðarsson Jarðvísindadeild (HÍ) Faculty of Earth Sciences (UI) Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ) School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI) University of Helsinki University of Iceland Háskóli Íslands 2020-03-20 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1584 en eng Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki; Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland 978-951-51-4931-2 1798-7911 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1584 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Basalt Bergkvika Jarðmöttull Jarðvísindi Doktorsritgerðir info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis 2020 ftopinvisindi https://doi.org/20.500.11815/1584 2022-11-18T06:51:52Z This thesis provides insights into the petrogenesis of Iceland basalts via three subprojects. The first uses olivine macrocrysts as a proxy for mantle melting conditions below Iceland, the second utilizes petrological thermobarometry to resolve the crustal storage conditions of the most primitive basaltic rocks (ankaramites) of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, and the third investigates basalt fractionation processes within the Hafnarhraun pāhoehoe lava lobe. The sub-Icelandic mantle is evidently heterogeneous in composition. Yet olivine major and minor element compositions in Iceland basalts typically concur with common mantle lherzolite as the source of magmas, with the only potential exceptions being the basalts of Eyjafjallajökull and Vestmannaeyjar volcanic systems in South Iceland. These South Iceland basalts have forsteriterich olivine with relatively high Ni and low Mn contents, together with low Sc and V and high Cr, Ti, Zn, Cu and Li contents. Elevated Ni and low Mn in olivine have been attributed to olivine-free pyroxenitic mantle source; however, the South Iceland olivine compositions are best explained by the effect of comparatively high-pressure (Pfinal>1.4 GPa) and high-temperature melting of somewhat enriched olivine-bearing mantle. I conclude this because (i) elevated Ni and low Mn in olivine can also indicate deep, high-temperature, mantle melting, (ii) the abundances of Sc, V, Ti and Zn in the South Iceland olivine are compatible with low-degree partial melts of olivine-rich mantle, and (iii) melts of olivine-free pyroxenite are, according to recent models, easily consumed in reactions with subsolidus mantle peridotite and thus unlikely to migrate to the crust and crystallize olivine. The identified high-Ni/low-Mn olivine macrocrysts suggest final mantle equilibration depths greater than 45 km for South Iceland magmas, and imply effective mantle-to-surface magma transport. Two Eyjafjallajökull ankaramite outcrops (Hvammsmúli and Brattaskjól), rich in olivine (Fo81–90) and clinopyroxene (Mg#cpx ... Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis Eyjafjallajökull Iceland Vestmannaeyjar Opin vísindi (Iceland) Hvammsmúli ENVELOPE(-21.308,-21.308,64.860,64.860) Vestmannaeyjar ENVELOPE(-20.391,-20.391,63.362,63.362) |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Opin vísindi (Iceland) |
op_collection_id |
ftopinvisindi |
language |
English |
topic |
Basalt Bergkvika Jarðmöttull Jarðvísindi Doktorsritgerðir |
spellingShingle |
Basalt Bergkvika Jarðmöttull Jarðvísindi Doktorsritgerðir Nikkola, Paavo From partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some Icelandic basalts |
topic_facet |
Basalt Bergkvika Jarðmöttull Jarðvísindi Doktorsritgerðir |
description |
This thesis provides insights into the petrogenesis of Iceland basalts via three subprojects. The first uses olivine macrocrysts as a proxy for mantle melting conditions below Iceland, the second utilizes petrological thermobarometry to resolve the crustal storage conditions of the most primitive basaltic rocks (ankaramites) of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, and the third investigates basalt fractionation processes within the Hafnarhraun pāhoehoe lava lobe. The sub-Icelandic mantle is evidently heterogeneous in composition. Yet olivine major and minor element compositions in Iceland basalts typically concur with common mantle lherzolite as the source of magmas, with the only potential exceptions being the basalts of Eyjafjallajökull and Vestmannaeyjar volcanic systems in South Iceland. These South Iceland basalts have forsteriterich olivine with relatively high Ni and low Mn contents, together with low Sc and V and high Cr, Ti, Zn, Cu and Li contents. Elevated Ni and low Mn in olivine have been attributed to olivine-free pyroxenitic mantle source; however, the South Iceland olivine compositions are best explained by the effect of comparatively high-pressure (Pfinal>1.4 GPa) and high-temperature melting of somewhat enriched olivine-bearing mantle. I conclude this because (i) elevated Ni and low Mn in olivine can also indicate deep, high-temperature, mantle melting, (ii) the abundances of Sc, V, Ti and Zn in the South Iceland olivine are compatible with low-degree partial melts of olivine-rich mantle, and (iii) melts of olivine-free pyroxenite are, according to recent models, easily consumed in reactions with subsolidus mantle peridotite and thus unlikely to migrate to the crust and crystallize olivine. The identified high-Ni/low-Mn olivine macrocrysts suggest final mantle equilibration depths greater than 45 km for South Iceland magmas, and imply effective mantle-to-surface magma transport. Two Eyjafjallajökull ankaramite outcrops (Hvammsmúli and Brattaskjól), rich in olivine (Fo81–90) and clinopyroxene (Mg#cpx ... |
author2 |
Tapani Rämö; Þorvaldur Þórðarsson Jarðvísindadeild (HÍ) Faculty of Earth Sciences (UI) Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ) School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI) University of Helsinki University of Iceland Háskóli Íslands |
format |
Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis |
author |
Nikkola, Paavo |
author_facet |
Nikkola, Paavo |
author_sort |
Nikkola, Paavo |
title |
From partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some Icelandic basalts |
title_short |
From partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some Icelandic basalts |
title_full |
From partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some Icelandic basalts |
title_fullStr |
From partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some Icelandic basalts |
title_full_unstemmed |
From partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some Icelandic basalts |
title_sort |
from partial melting to lava emplacement: the petrogenesis of some icelandic basalts |
publisher |
Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki; Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1584 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-21.308,-21.308,64.860,64.860) ENVELOPE(-20.391,-20.391,63.362,63.362) |
geographic |
Hvammsmúli Vestmannaeyjar |
geographic_facet |
Hvammsmúli Vestmannaeyjar |
genre |
Eyjafjallajökull Iceland Vestmannaeyjar |
genre_facet |
Eyjafjallajökull Iceland Vestmannaeyjar |
op_relation |
978-951-51-4931-2 1798-7911 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1584 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/20.500.11815/1584 |
_version_ |
1766405344512180224 |