Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014
Publisher's version (útgefin grein). Networks of seismographs of high sensitivity have been in use in the vicinity of active volcanoes in Iceland since 1973. During this time, 21 confirmed eruptions have occurred and several intrusions where magma did not reach the surface. All these events hav...
Published in: | Frontiers in Earth Science |
---|---|
Main Author: | |
Other Authors: | , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Frontiers Media SA
2018
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1494 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00045 |
id |
ftopinvisindi:oai:opinvisindi.is:20.500.11815/1494 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftopinvisindi:oai:opinvisindi.is:20.500.11815/1494 2023-05-15T16:33:59+02:00 Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014 Einarsson, Páll Jarðvísindastofnun (HÍ) Institute of Earth Sciences (UI) Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ) School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI) Háskóli Íslands University of Iceland 2018-05-08 45 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1494 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00045 en eng Frontiers Media SA Frontiers in Earth Science;6 http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2018.00045/full Einarsson P (2018) Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014. Front. Earth Sci. 6:45. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00045 2296-6463 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1494 Frontiers in Earth Science doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00045 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Eruption forecasting Eruption precursors Pre-eruption warning Precursor time Seismic precursors Volcanoes in Iceland Eldfjöll Eldgos Jarðskjálftar Jarðskjálftaspár info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2018 ftopinvisindi https://doi.org/20.500.11815/1494 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00045 2022-11-18T06:51:50Z Publisher's version (útgefin grein). Networks of seismographs of high sensitivity have been in use in the vicinity of active volcanoes in Iceland since 1973. During this time, 21 confirmed eruptions have occurred and several intrusions where magma did not reach the surface. All these events have been accompanied by characteristic seismic activity. Long-term precursory activity is characterized by low-level, persistent seismicity (months-years), clustered around an inflating magma body. Whether or not a magma accumulation is accompanied by seismicity depends on the tectonic setting, interplate or intraplate, the depth of magma accumulation, the previous history and the state of stress. All eruptions during the time of observation had a detectable short-term seismic precursor marking the time of dike propagation toward the surface. The precursor times varied between 15min and 13 days. In half of the cases the precursor time was <2h. Three eruptions stand out for their unusually long duration of the immediate seismic precursory activity, Heimaey 1973 with 30h, Gjálp 1996 with 34h, and Bárðarbunga 2014 with 13 days. In the case of Heimaey the long time is most likely the consequence of the great depth of the magma source, 15–25km. The Gjálp eruption had a prelude that was unusual in many respects. The long propagation time may have resulted froma complicated triggering scenario involving more than one magma chamber. The Bárðarbunga eruption at Holuhraun issued from the distal end of a dike that took 13 days to propagate laterally for 48kmbefore it opened to the surface. Out of the 21 detected precursors 14 were noticed soon enough to lead to a public warning of the coming eruption. In four additional cases the precursory signal was noticed before the eruption was seen. In only three cases was the eruption seen or detected before the seismic precursor was verified. In general, eruptions are preceded by identifyable short-term seismic precursors that, under favorable conditions, may be used for pre-eruption ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Heimaey Iceland Opin vísindi (Iceland) Heimaey ENVELOPE(-22.486,-22.486,65.099,65.099) Holuhraun ENVELOPE(-16.831,-16.831,64.852,64.852) Frontiers in Earth Science 6 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Opin vísindi (Iceland) |
op_collection_id |
ftopinvisindi |
language |
English |
topic |
Eruption forecasting Eruption precursors Pre-eruption warning Precursor time Seismic precursors Volcanoes in Iceland Eldfjöll Eldgos Jarðskjálftar Jarðskjálftaspár |
spellingShingle |
Eruption forecasting Eruption precursors Pre-eruption warning Precursor time Seismic precursors Volcanoes in Iceland Eldfjöll Eldgos Jarðskjálftar Jarðskjálftaspár Einarsson, Páll Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014 |
topic_facet |
Eruption forecasting Eruption precursors Pre-eruption warning Precursor time Seismic precursors Volcanoes in Iceland Eldfjöll Eldgos Jarðskjálftar Jarðskjálftaspár |
description |
Publisher's version (útgefin grein). Networks of seismographs of high sensitivity have been in use in the vicinity of active volcanoes in Iceland since 1973. During this time, 21 confirmed eruptions have occurred and several intrusions where magma did not reach the surface. All these events have been accompanied by characteristic seismic activity. Long-term precursory activity is characterized by low-level, persistent seismicity (months-years), clustered around an inflating magma body. Whether or not a magma accumulation is accompanied by seismicity depends on the tectonic setting, interplate or intraplate, the depth of magma accumulation, the previous history and the state of stress. All eruptions during the time of observation had a detectable short-term seismic precursor marking the time of dike propagation toward the surface. The precursor times varied between 15min and 13 days. In half of the cases the precursor time was <2h. Three eruptions stand out for their unusually long duration of the immediate seismic precursory activity, Heimaey 1973 with 30h, Gjálp 1996 with 34h, and Bárðarbunga 2014 with 13 days. In the case of Heimaey the long time is most likely the consequence of the great depth of the magma source, 15–25km. The Gjálp eruption had a prelude that was unusual in many respects. The long propagation time may have resulted froma complicated triggering scenario involving more than one magma chamber. The Bárðarbunga eruption at Holuhraun issued from the distal end of a dike that took 13 days to propagate laterally for 48kmbefore it opened to the surface. Out of the 21 detected precursors 14 were noticed soon enough to lead to a public warning of the coming eruption. In four additional cases the precursory signal was noticed before the eruption was seen. In only three cases was the eruption seen or detected before the seismic precursor was verified. In general, eruptions are preceded by identifyable short-term seismic precursors that, under favorable conditions, may be used for pre-eruption ... |
author2 |
Jarðvísindastofnun (HÍ) Institute of Earth Sciences (UI) Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ) School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI) Háskóli Íslands University of Iceland |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Einarsson, Páll |
author_facet |
Einarsson, Páll |
author_sort |
Einarsson, Páll |
title |
Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014 |
title_short |
Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014 |
title_full |
Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014 |
title_fullStr |
Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014 |
title_sort |
short-term seismic precursors to icelandic eruptions 1973–2014 |
publisher |
Frontiers Media SA |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1494 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00045 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-22.486,-22.486,65.099,65.099) ENVELOPE(-16.831,-16.831,64.852,64.852) |
geographic |
Heimaey Holuhraun |
geographic_facet |
Heimaey Holuhraun |
genre |
Heimaey Iceland |
genre_facet |
Heimaey Iceland |
op_relation |
Frontiers in Earth Science;6 http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/feart.2018.00045/full Einarsson P (2018) Short-Term Seismic Precursors to Icelandic Eruptions 1973–2014. Front. Earth Sci. 6:45. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00045 2296-6463 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/1494 Frontiers in Earth Science doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00045 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/20.500.11815/1494 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00045 |
container_title |
Frontiers in Earth Science |
container_volume |
6 |
_version_ |
1766023736121622528 |