Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions
We studied the impact of a wind farm (line of 25 small to medium sized turbines) on birds at the eastern port breakwater in Zeebrugge, Belgium, with special attention to the nearby breeding colony of Common Tern Sterna hirundo, Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis and Little Tern Sterna albifrons. With...
Published in: | Biodiversity and Conservation |
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Language: | English |
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2007
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Online Access: | https://pureportal.inbo.be/portal/en/publications/impact-of-wind-turbines-on-birds-in-zeebrugge-belgium(ea74d548-2594-49c7-aa13-0d2377e4c5f7).html https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9082-1 |
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ftonapublicatio:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/ea74d548-2594-49c7-aa13-0d2377e4c5f7 2023-05-15T15:56:19+02:00 Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions Everaert, Joris Stienen, Eric 2007 https://pureportal.inbo.be/portal/en/publications/impact-of-wind-turbines-on-birds-in-zeebrugge-belgium(ea74d548-2594-49c7-aa13-0d2377e4c5f7).html https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9082-1 eng eng info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess Everaert , J & Stienen , E 2007 , ' Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium) : significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions ' Biodiversity and Conservation , vol 16 , no. 12 , pp. 3345-3359 . DOI:10.1007/s10531-006-9082-1 /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00046 Natura 2000 and conservation objectives /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00103 Wind energy /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00029 Sea and coastal birds /dk/atira/pure/discipline/B000/B003/B280-dierenecologie B280-animal-ecology article 2007 ftonapublicatio https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9082-1 2017-06-12T13:54:05Z We studied the impact of a wind farm (line of 25 small to medium sized turbines) on birds at the eastern port breakwater in Zeebrugge, Belgium, with special attention to the nearby breeding colony of Common Tern Sterna hirundo, Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis and Little Tern Sterna albifrons. With the data of found collision fatalities under the wind turbines, and the correction factors for available search area, search efficiency and scavenging, we calculated that during the breeding seasons in 2004 and 2005, about 168 resp. 161 terns collided with the wind turbines located on the eastern port breakwater close to the breeding colony, mainly Common Terns and Sandwich Terns. The mean number of terns killed in 2004 and 2005 was 6.7 per turbine per year for the whole wind farm, and 11.2 resp. 10.8 per turbine per year for the line of 14 turbines on the sea-directed breakwater close to the breeding colony. The mean number of collision fatalities when including other species (mainly gulls) in 2004 and 2005 was 20.9 resp. 19.1 per turbine per year for the whole wind farm and 34.3 resp. 27.6 per turbine per year for 14 turbines on the sea-directed breakwater. The collision probability for Common Terns crossing the line of wind turbines amounted 0.110–0.118% for flights at rotor height and 0.007– 0.030% for all flights. For Sandwich Tern this probability was 0.046–0.088% for flights at rotor height and 0.005–0.006% for all flights. The breeding terns were almost not disturbed by the wind turbines, but the relative large number of tern fatalities was determined as a significant negative impact on the breeding colony at the eastern port breakwater (additional mortality of 3.0–4.4% for Common Tern, 1.8–6.7% for Little Tern and 0.6–0.7% for Sandwich Tern). We recommend that there should be precautionary avoidance of constructing wind turbines close to any important breeding colony of terns or gulls, nor should artificial breeding sites be constructed near wind turbines, especially not within the frequent foraging flight paths. Article in Journal/Newspaper Common tern Sterna hirundo Research Institute Nature and Forest: Research outputs Breakwater ENVELOPE(-63.233,-63.233,-64.800,-64.800) Biodiversity and Conservation 16 12 3345 3359 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Research Institute Nature and Forest: Research outputs |
op_collection_id |
ftonapublicatio |
language |
English |
topic |
/dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00046 Natura 2000 and conservation objectives /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00103 Wind energy /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00029 Sea and coastal birds /dk/atira/pure/discipline/B000/B003/B280-dierenecologie B280-animal-ecology |
spellingShingle |
/dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00046 Natura 2000 and conservation objectives /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00103 Wind energy /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00029 Sea and coastal birds /dk/atira/pure/discipline/B000/B003/B280-dierenecologie B280-animal-ecology Everaert, Joris Stienen, Eric Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions |
topic_facet |
/dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00046 Natura 2000 and conservation objectives /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00103 Wind energy /dk/atira/pure/thematic/inbo_th_00029 Sea and coastal birds /dk/atira/pure/discipline/B000/B003/B280-dierenecologie B280-animal-ecology |
description |
We studied the impact of a wind farm (line of 25 small to medium sized turbines) on birds at the eastern port breakwater in Zeebrugge, Belgium, with special attention to the nearby breeding colony of Common Tern Sterna hirundo, Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis and Little Tern Sterna albifrons. With the data of found collision fatalities under the wind turbines, and the correction factors for available search area, search efficiency and scavenging, we calculated that during the breeding seasons in 2004 and 2005, about 168 resp. 161 terns collided with the wind turbines located on the eastern port breakwater close to the breeding colony, mainly Common Terns and Sandwich Terns. The mean number of terns killed in 2004 and 2005 was 6.7 per turbine per year for the whole wind farm, and 11.2 resp. 10.8 per turbine per year for the line of 14 turbines on the sea-directed breakwater close to the breeding colony. The mean number of collision fatalities when including other species (mainly gulls) in 2004 and 2005 was 20.9 resp. 19.1 per turbine per year for the whole wind farm and 34.3 resp. 27.6 per turbine per year for 14 turbines on the sea-directed breakwater. The collision probability for Common Terns crossing the line of wind turbines amounted 0.110–0.118% for flights at rotor height and 0.007– 0.030% for all flights. For Sandwich Tern this probability was 0.046–0.088% for flights at rotor height and 0.005–0.006% for all flights. The breeding terns were almost not disturbed by the wind turbines, but the relative large number of tern fatalities was determined as a significant negative impact on the breeding colony at the eastern port breakwater (additional mortality of 3.0–4.4% for Common Tern, 1.8–6.7% for Little Tern and 0.6–0.7% for Sandwich Tern). We recommend that there should be precautionary avoidance of constructing wind turbines close to any important breeding colony of terns or gulls, nor should artificial breeding sites be constructed near wind turbines, especially not within the frequent foraging flight paths. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Everaert, Joris Stienen, Eric |
author_facet |
Everaert, Joris Stienen, Eric |
author_sort |
Everaert, Joris |
title |
Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions |
title_short |
Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions |
title_full |
Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions |
title_fullStr |
Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions |
title_sort |
impact of wind turbines on birds in zeebrugge (belgium):significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions |
publishDate |
2007 |
url |
https://pureportal.inbo.be/portal/en/publications/impact-of-wind-turbines-on-birds-in-zeebrugge-belgium(ea74d548-2594-49c7-aa13-0d2377e4c5f7).html https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9082-1 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-63.233,-63.233,-64.800,-64.800) |
geographic |
Breakwater |
geographic_facet |
Breakwater |
genre |
Common tern Sterna hirundo |
genre_facet |
Common tern Sterna hirundo |
op_source |
Everaert , J & Stienen , E 2007 , ' Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium) : significant effect on breeding tern colony due to collisions ' Biodiversity and Conservation , vol 16 , no. 12 , pp. 3345-3359 . DOI:10.1007/s10531-006-9082-1 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9082-1 |
container_title |
Biodiversity and Conservation |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
12 |
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3345 |
op_container_end_page |
3359 |
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1766391764021673984 |