A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing
Continuous records of the atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, and N2O are necessary input data for transient climate simulations, and their associated radiative forcing represents important components in analyses of climate sensitivity and feedbacks. Since the available data from ice cores...
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ftoceanrep:oai:oceanrep.geomar.de:44235 2023-05-15T16:38:59+02:00 A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing Köhler, Peter Nehrbass-Ahles, Christoph Schmitt, Jochen Stocker, Thomas F. Fischer, Hubertus 2017 text https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/44235/ https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/44235/1/essd-9-363-2017.pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017 en eng Copernicus Publications (EGU) https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/44235/1/essd-9-363-2017.pdf Köhler, P., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Schmitt, J., Stocker, T. F. and Fischer, H. (2017) A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing. Open Access Earth System Science Data, 9 (1). pp. 363-387. DOI 10.5194/essd-9-363-2017 <https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017>. doi:10.5194/essd-9-363-2017 cc_by_3.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Article PeerReviewed 2017 ftoceanrep https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017 2023-04-07T15:41:11Z Continuous records of the atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, and N2O are necessary input data for transient climate simulations, and their associated radiative forcing represents important components in analyses of climate sensitivity and feedbacks. Since the available data from ice cores are discontinuous and partly ambiguous, a well-documented decision process during data compilation followed by some interpolating post-processing is necessary to obtain those desired time series. Here, we document our best possible data compilation of published ice core records and recent measurements on firn air and atmospheric samples spanning the interval from the penultimate glacial maximum ( ∼ 156 kyr BP) to the beginning of the year 2016 CE. We use the most recent age scales for the ice core data and apply a smoothing spline method to translate the discrete and irregularly spaced data points into continuous time series. These splines are then used to compute the radiative forcing for each GHG using well-established, simple formulations. We compile only a Southern Hemisphere record of CH4 and discuss how much larger a Northern Hemisphere or global CH4 record might have been due to its interpolar difference. The uncertainties of the individual data points are considered in the spline procedure. Based on the given data resolution, time-dependent cutoff periods of the spline, defining the degree of smoothing, are prescribed, ranging from 5000 years for the less resolved older parts of the records to 4 years for the densely sampled recent years. The computed splines seamlessly describe the GHG evolution on orbital and millennial timescales for glacial and glacial–interglacial variations and on centennial and decadal timescales for anthropogenic times. Data connected with this paper, including raw data and final splines, are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.871273. Article in Journal/Newspaper ice core OceanRep (GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre für Ocean Research Kiel) Earth System Science Data 9 1 363 387 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
OceanRep (GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre für Ocean Research Kiel) |
op_collection_id |
ftoceanrep |
language |
English |
description |
Continuous records of the atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, and N2O are necessary input data for transient climate simulations, and their associated radiative forcing represents important components in analyses of climate sensitivity and feedbacks. Since the available data from ice cores are discontinuous and partly ambiguous, a well-documented decision process during data compilation followed by some interpolating post-processing is necessary to obtain those desired time series. Here, we document our best possible data compilation of published ice core records and recent measurements on firn air and atmospheric samples spanning the interval from the penultimate glacial maximum ( ∼ 156 kyr BP) to the beginning of the year 2016 CE. We use the most recent age scales for the ice core data and apply a smoothing spline method to translate the discrete and irregularly spaced data points into continuous time series. These splines are then used to compute the radiative forcing for each GHG using well-established, simple formulations. We compile only a Southern Hemisphere record of CH4 and discuss how much larger a Northern Hemisphere or global CH4 record might have been due to its interpolar difference. The uncertainties of the individual data points are considered in the spline procedure. Based on the given data resolution, time-dependent cutoff periods of the spline, defining the degree of smoothing, are prescribed, ranging from 5000 years for the less resolved older parts of the records to 4 years for the densely sampled recent years. The computed splines seamlessly describe the GHG evolution on orbital and millennial timescales for glacial and glacial–interglacial variations and on centennial and decadal timescales for anthropogenic times. Data connected with this paper, including raw data and final splines, are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.871273. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Köhler, Peter Nehrbass-Ahles, Christoph Schmitt, Jochen Stocker, Thomas F. Fischer, Hubertus |
spellingShingle |
Köhler, Peter Nehrbass-Ahles, Christoph Schmitt, Jochen Stocker, Thomas F. Fischer, Hubertus A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing |
author_facet |
Köhler, Peter Nehrbass-Ahles, Christoph Schmitt, Jochen Stocker, Thomas F. Fischer, Hubertus |
author_sort |
Köhler, Peter |
title |
A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing |
title_short |
A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing |
title_full |
A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing |
title_fullStr |
A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing |
title_full_unstemmed |
A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing |
title_sort |
156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases co2, ch4, and n2o and their radiative forcing |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications (EGU) |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/44235/ https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/44235/1/essd-9-363-2017.pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017 |
genre |
ice core |
genre_facet |
ice core |
op_relation |
https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/44235/1/essd-9-363-2017.pdf Köhler, P., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Schmitt, J., Stocker, T. F. and Fischer, H. (2017) A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing. Open Access Earth System Science Data, 9 (1). pp. 363-387. DOI 10.5194/essd-9-363-2017 <https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017>. doi:10.5194/essd-9-363-2017 |
op_rights |
cc_by_3.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017 |
container_title |
Earth System Science Data |
container_volume |
9 |
container_issue |
1 |
container_start_page |
363 |
op_container_end_page |
387 |
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1766029344904314880 |