Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct...
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Nature Research
2020
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2730148 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1 |
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High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. publishedVersion Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
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Article in Journal/Newspaper |
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Taddei, Cristina Zhou, Bin Bixby, Honor Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. Danaei, Goodarz Jackson, Rod T. Ahmed, Soheir H Andersen, Lars Bo Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann Bjertness, Espen Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark Graff-Iversen, Sidsel Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan Janszky, Imre Krokstad, Steinar Laugsand, Lars Erik Madar, Ahmed Ali Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. Meyer, Haakon E Sen, Abhijit Tell, Grete S. Vatten, Lars Johan Wilsgaard, Tom Farzadfar, Farshad Sophiea, Marisa K. Di Cesare, Mariachiara Iurilli, Maria L. C. Martinez, Andrea Rodriguez Asghari, Golaleh Dhana, Klodian Gulayin, Pablo Kakarmath, Sujay Santero, Marilina Voortman, Trudy Riley, Leanne M. Cowan, Melanie J. Savin, Stefan Bennett, James E. Stevens, Gretchen A. Paciorek, Christopher J. Aekplakorn, Wichai Cifkova, Renata Giampaoli, Simona Kengne, Andre Pascal Khang, Young-Ho Kuulasmaa, Kari Laxmaiah, Avula Margozzini, Paula Mathur, Prashant |
spellingShingle |
Taddei, Cristina Zhou, Bin Bixby, Honor Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. Danaei, Goodarz Jackson, Rod T. Ahmed, Soheir H Andersen, Lars Bo Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann Bjertness, Espen Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark Graff-Iversen, Sidsel Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan Janszky, Imre Krokstad, Steinar Laugsand, Lars Erik Madar, Ahmed Ali Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. Meyer, Haakon E Sen, Abhijit Tell, Grete S. Vatten, Lars Johan Wilsgaard, Tom Farzadfar, Farshad Sophiea, Marisa K. Di Cesare, Mariachiara Iurilli, Maria L. C. Martinez, Andrea Rodriguez Asghari, Golaleh Dhana, Klodian Gulayin, Pablo Kakarmath, Sujay Santero, Marilina Voortman, Trudy Riley, Leanne M. Cowan, Melanie J. Savin, Stefan Bennett, James E. Stevens, Gretchen A. Paciorek, Christopher J. Aekplakorn, Wichai Cifkova, Renata Giampaoli, Simona Kengne, Andre Pascal Khang, Young-Ho Kuulasmaa, Kari Laxmaiah, Avula Margozzini, Paula Mathur, Prashant Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol |
author_facet |
Taddei, Cristina Zhou, Bin Bixby, Honor Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. Danaei, Goodarz Jackson, Rod T. Ahmed, Soheir H Andersen, Lars Bo Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann Bjertness, Espen Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark Graff-Iversen, Sidsel Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan Janszky, Imre Krokstad, Steinar Laugsand, Lars Erik Madar, Ahmed Ali Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. Meyer, Haakon E Sen, Abhijit Tell, Grete S. Vatten, Lars Johan Wilsgaard, Tom Farzadfar, Farshad Sophiea, Marisa K. Di Cesare, Mariachiara Iurilli, Maria L. C. Martinez, Andrea Rodriguez Asghari, Golaleh Dhana, Klodian Gulayin, Pablo Kakarmath, Sujay Santero, Marilina Voortman, Trudy Riley, Leanne M. Cowan, Melanie J. Savin, Stefan Bennett, James E. Stevens, Gretchen A. Paciorek, Christopher J. Aekplakorn, Wichai Cifkova, Renata Giampaoli, Simona Kengne, Andre Pascal Khang, Young-Ho Kuulasmaa, Kari Laxmaiah, Avula Margozzini, Paula Mathur, Prashant |
author_sort |
Taddei, Cristina |
title |
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol |
title_short |
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol |
title_full |
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol |
title_fullStr |
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol |
title_full_unstemmed |
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol |
title_sort |
repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol |
publisher |
Nature Research |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2730148 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1 |
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73-77 582 Nature |
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Nature. 2020, 582 73-77. urn:issn:0028-0836 https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2730148 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1 cristin:1886749 |
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Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no |
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CC-BY |
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1 |
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ftntnutrondheimi:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2730148 2023-05-15T16:30:41+02:00 Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol Taddei, Cristina Zhou, Bin Bixby, Honor Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. Danaei, Goodarz Jackson, Rod T. Ahmed, Soheir H Andersen, Lars Bo Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann Bjertness, Espen Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark Graff-Iversen, Sidsel Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan Janszky, Imre Krokstad, Steinar Laugsand, Lars Erik Madar, Ahmed Ali Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. Meyer, Haakon E Sen, Abhijit Tell, Grete S. Vatten, Lars Johan Wilsgaard, Tom Farzadfar, Farshad Sophiea, Marisa K. Di Cesare, Mariachiara Iurilli, Maria L. C. Martinez, Andrea Rodriguez Asghari, Golaleh Dhana, Klodian Gulayin, Pablo Kakarmath, Sujay Santero, Marilina Voortman, Trudy Riley, Leanne M. Cowan, Melanie J. Savin, Stefan Bennett, James E. Stevens, Gretchen A. Paciorek, Christopher J. Aekplakorn, Wichai Cifkova, Renata Giampaoli, Simona Kengne, Andre Pascal Khang, Young-Ho Kuulasmaa, Kari Laxmaiah, Avula Margozzini, Paula Mathur, Prashant 2020 application/pdf https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2730148 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1 eng eng Nature Research Nature. 2020, 582 73-77. urn:issn:0028-0836 https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2730148 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1 cristin:1886749 Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no CC-BY 73-77 582 Nature Peer reviewed Journal article 2020 ftntnutrondheimi https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1 2021-03-03T23:34:37Z High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. publishedVersion Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Article in Journal/Newspaper Greenland Iceland NTNU Open Archive (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) Greenland Norway Pacific Nature 582 7810 73 77 |