Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants
Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged chil...
Published in: | The Lancet |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2020
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2726436 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6 |
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Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m². In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in subSaharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks. Funding Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme, EU. publishedVersion © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea Zhou, Bin Sophiea, Marisa K. Bentham, James Paciorek, Christopher J. Turilli, Maria L.C. Andersen, Lars Bo Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann Bjertness, Espen Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark Ekelund, Ulf Graff-Iversen, Sidsel Grøholt, Else Karin Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan Bergh, Ingunn Holden Janszky, Imre Kolle, Elin Krokstad, Steinar Madar, Ahmed Ali Sen, Abhijit Skodje, Gry Irene Sørgjerd, Elin Pettersen Nilsen, Bente Steene-Johannessen, Jostein Tarp, Jakob Tell, Grete S. Torheim, Liv Elin Wilsgaard, Tom Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. Bennett, James E. Di Cesare, Mariachiara Taddei, Cristina Bixby, Honor Stevens, Gretchen A. Riley, Leanne M. Cowan, Melanie J. Savin, Stefan Danaei, Goodarz Chirita-Emandi, Adela Kengne, Andre P Khang, Young-Ho Laxmaiah, Avula Malekzadeh, Reza Miranda, Jaime Moon, Jin Soo Popovic, Stevo Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Soric, Maroje Starc, Gregor |
spellingShingle |
Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea Zhou, Bin Sophiea, Marisa K. Bentham, James Paciorek, Christopher J. Turilli, Maria L.C. Andersen, Lars Bo Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann Bjertness, Espen Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark Ekelund, Ulf Graff-Iversen, Sidsel Grøholt, Else Karin Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan Bergh, Ingunn Holden Janszky, Imre Kolle, Elin Krokstad, Steinar Madar, Ahmed Ali Sen, Abhijit Skodje, Gry Irene Sørgjerd, Elin Pettersen Nilsen, Bente Steene-Johannessen, Jostein Tarp, Jakob Tell, Grete S. Torheim, Liv Elin Wilsgaard, Tom Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. Bennett, James E. Di Cesare, Mariachiara Taddei, Cristina Bixby, Honor Stevens, Gretchen A. Riley, Leanne M. Cowan, Melanie J. Savin, Stefan Danaei, Goodarz Chirita-Emandi, Adela Kengne, Andre P Khang, Young-Ho Laxmaiah, Avula Malekzadeh, Reza Miranda, Jaime Moon, Jin Soo Popovic, Stevo Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Soric, Maroje Starc, Gregor Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants |
author_facet |
Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea Zhou, Bin Sophiea, Marisa K. Bentham, James Paciorek, Christopher J. Turilli, Maria L.C. Andersen, Lars Bo Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann Bjertness, Espen Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark Ekelund, Ulf Graff-Iversen, Sidsel Grøholt, Else Karin Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan Bergh, Ingunn Holden Janszky, Imre Kolle, Elin Krokstad, Steinar Madar, Ahmed Ali Sen, Abhijit Skodje, Gry Irene Sørgjerd, Elin Pettersen Nilsen, Bente Steene-Johannessen, Jostein Tarp, Jakob Tell, Grete S. Torheim, Liv Elin Wilsgaard, Tom Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. Bennett, James E. Di Cesare, Mariachiara Taddei, Cristina Bixby, Honor Stevens, Gretchen A. Riley, Leanne M. Cowan, Melanie J. Savin, Stefan Danaei, Goodarz Chirita-Emandi, Adela Kengne, Andre P Khang, Young-Ho Laxmaiah, Avula Malekzadeh, Reza Miranda, Jaime Moon, Jin Soo Popovic, Stevo Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Soric, Maroje Starc, Gregor |
author_sort |
Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea |
title |
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants |
title_short |
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants |
title_full |
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants |
title_fullStr |
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants |
title_full_unstemmed |
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants |
title_sort |
height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants |
publisher |
Elsevier |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2726436 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6 |
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New Zealand Pacific |
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New Zealand Pacific |
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Iceland |
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Iceland |
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1511-1524 396 The Lancet 10261 |
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The Lancet. 2020, 396 (10261), 1511-1524. urn:issn:0140-6736 https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2726436 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6 cristin:1886561 |
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Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no |
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op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6 |
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The Lancet |
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ftntnutrondheimi:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2726436 2023-05-15T16:53:20+02:00 Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea Zhou, Bin Sophiea, Marisa K. Bentham, James Paciorek, Christopher J. Turilli, Maria L.C. Andersen, Lars Bo Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann Bjertness, Espen Bjertness, Marius Bergsmark Ekelund, Ulf Graff-Iversen, Sidsel Grøholt, Else Karin Haugsgjerd, Teresa Risan Bergh, Ingunn Holden Janszky, Imre Kolle, Elin Krokstad, Steinar Madar, Ahmed Ali Sen, Abhijit Skodje, Gry Irene Sørgjerd, Elin Pettersen Nilsen, Bente Steene-Johannessen, Jostein Tarp, Jakob Tell, Grete S. Torheim, Liv Elin Wilsgaard, Tom Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. Bennett, James E. Di Cesare, Mariachiara Taddei, Cristina Bixby, Honor Stevens, Gretchen A. Riley, Leanne M. Cowan, Melanie J. Savin, Stefan Danaei, Goodarz Chirita-Emandi, Adela Kengne, Andre P Khang, Young-Ho Laxmaiah, Avula Malekzadeh, Reza Miranda, Jaime Moon, Jin Soo Popovic, Stevo Sørensen, Thorkild I.A. Soric, Maroje Starc, Gregor 2020 application/pdf https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2726436 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6 eng eng Elsevier The Lancet. 2020, 396 (10261), 1511-1524. urn:issn:0140-6736 https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2726436 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6 cristin:1886561 Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no CC-BY 1511-1524 396 The Lancet 10261 Peer reviewed Journal article 2020 ftntnutrondheimi https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6 2021-02-10T23:35:01Z Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m². In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in subSaharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks. Funding Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme, EU. publishedVersion © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland NTNU Open Archive (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) New Zealand Pacific The Lancet 396 10261 1511 1524 |