量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究
持久性有機污染物由於在環境中具有持久性、毒性、累積性及長程輸送等特性，造成其在全球不同生態系統的生物體內之累積現象及危害，因此引起國際社會之重視並謀求解決之道。國外針對此一生物累積現象已有許多相關之研究，但是這些研究多半著重於水質相對穩定之內海或湖泊等生態區域內，和本地已知之污染區域多數位於水質變動之河口區域有所不同；且國外所研究之區域多數是屬於溫帶至寒帶區域，其生態系統和台灣本地處於熱帶或亞熱帶氣候區域之生態勢必有所差異。在考量不同氣候環境及生態系統之差異下，本研究之主要目的在探討環境及生態因子對持久性有機污染物在亞熱帶河口地區之生態系統內分布情形之影響，並特別著重暴露於底泥的水棲生物之累積...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | , |
| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2006
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/62600 http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/62600/1/ntu-95-D90541001-1.pdf |
| _version_ | 1828051846373048320 |
|---|---|
| author | 傅崇德 Fu, Chung-Te |
| author2 | 吳先琪 臺灣大學：環境工程學研究所 傅崇德 Fu, Chung-Te |
| author_facet | 傅崇德 Fu, Chung-Te |
| author_sort | 傅崇德 |
| collection | National Taiwan University Institutional Repository (NTUR) |
| description | 持久性有機污染物由於在環境中具有持久性、毒性、累積性及長程輸送等特性，造成其在全球不同生態系統的生物體內之累積現象及危害，因此引起國際社會之重視並謀求解決之道。國外針對此一生物累積現象已有許多相關之研究，但是這些研究多半著重於水質相對穩定之內海或湖泊等生態區域內，和本地已知之污染區域多數位於水質變動之河口區域有所不同；且國外所研究之區域多數是屬於溫帶至寒帶區域，其生態系統和台灣本地處於熱帶或亞熱帶氣候區域之生態勢必有所差異。在考量不同氣候環境及生態系統之差異下，本研究之主要目的在探討環境及生態因子對持久性有機污染物在亞熱帶河口地區之生態系統內分布情形之影響，並特別著重暴露於底泥的水棲生物之累積特性及累積程度之探討。在本研究中，選定台南二仁溪流域作為研究區域，並以多氯聯苯為研究標的物。考量之影響因子則包括豐枯水所造成之季節性變異、生物棲地之差異、物種及營養階層間之差異以及持久性污染物之物理化學特性等。藉由在二仁溪流域及鄰近區域內所採取之底泥及魚類樣品之濃度及指紋圖譜，建立底泥和底棲攝食性魚類中多氯聯苯來源之相關性；同時透過營養階層和攝食習性之差異，建立魚體體內多氯聯苯暴露量之模式。 本研究分析2002至2004年雨季前後在二仁溪流域中所採取之底泥及大鱗鮻(Liza macrolepis)之多氯聯苯的含量及同源物分佈，發現與降雨後河口區域之底泥中多氯聯苯含量及低氯數同源物種之比例有同時增加之現象，顯示雨季後所造成底泥中多氯聯苯型態之改變，反映至以底泥為主要食物來源之魚體體內，亦表示底泥是居住在此受污染河口之水棲生物的主要多氯聯苯暴露來源。為更進一步證實此論點，分別採取河口區域附近之養殖池及安平港航道內之大鱗鮻魚體樣本，發現二仁溪河口之魚體樣本會因為棲息於受污染嚴重之生態系統而有顯著較高之體內含量，而養殖池之樣本體內具有最低之污染物負荷及較高之低氯數物種，表示其未與受污染之底泥直接接觸，所以主要之暴露途徑為經由大氣輸送。安平港航道內之樣本則因為其污染年代較久而具有最高之高氯數物種比例。經由不同棲地之特性所觀察到之魚體體內濃度及型態，可以推論出大鱗鮻體內之暴露途徑受棲地之影響，同時佐證河口滯留型魚體之暴露途徑主要來自於受污染之底泥。 本研究同時以光纖作為介質以量測污染物之活性及傳輸方向，結果顯示污染物之傳輸方向為由底層底泥向表層底泥，然後擴及水體及水棲生物體內。此再次驗證前述污染物之累積途徑及累積程度之差異。 兩大類十種不同營養階層的魚種，包括虱目魚(C. chanos)、鯔魚(M. cephalus)、環球海鰶(N. come)、大鱗鮻(L. macrolepis)、班海鯰(A. maculates)等底棲生活性魚種，以及布氏金梭魚(S. putnamiae)、白帶魚(T. lepturus)、海鰱(E. machnata)、大甲鰺(M. cordyla)及大眼海鰱(M. cyprinoides)等上層迴游性魚種之分析結果顯示，底棲攝食性魚種之體內多氯聯苯累積量隨其營養階層增加而增加。多氯聯苯同源物在魚體體內和底泥內之比值(BSAF) 隨KOW值增加而增加，其中並以logKOW值在6.5至7.0之間的同源物種累積量最高，表示物質之疏水性是影響其累積程度之重要因子。但是logKOW值大於7.0之同源物種的累積量會逐步下降，其累積量下降之原因可能是因為這些物質受到結構阻力，而造成其在動力上較不易進入生物體內，同時因為代謝較慢而未及進入體內便被排泄掉而減低其累積量。 依據前述研究所得污染物之傳輸方向，本研究利用生物消化腔放大倍率半經驗式及簡化之逸壓平衡模式來推估由底泥暴露至魚體內多氯聯苯之累積量。本研究生物消化腔放大倍率半經驗式所求得之結果為 (r2 = 0.90)。所求得不同同源物之放大倍率在log KOW小於7時和Gobas等人(1993)之結果相近，約在1.4至3.8倍之間。但是在log KOW大於7時則較低，其原因則可能是因為這些高KOW物質具有較低之吸收速率或較高之進入細胞的結構阻力而使體內之逸壓小於排泄物之逸壓，同時造成本研究所得之放大倍率較Gobas等人以排泄物中含量代表體內含量之觀測值為低。逸壓平衡模式由於最具有理論基礎，所以應用性也最高，但必須輸入大量之模式參數。由預測值和觀測值之間的回歸直線斜率接近1(1.33)，顯示其預測結果有相當之參考性。 本研究所得之結果，不論是在建立魚体和底泥之間之暴露途徑、食物鏈之累積特性或是預測模式之發展，對於未來在預測污染物之傳輸、評估消費者之風險及訂定底泥整治基準上，均提供了相當重要之貢獻。 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), with high bioaccumulation potential and hazard to biota ... |
| format | Thesis |
| genre | Arctic |
| genre_facet | Arctic |
| id | ftntaiwanuniv:oai:140.112.114.62:246246/62600 |
| institution | Open Polar |
| language | English |
| op_collection_id | ftntaiwanuniv |
| op_relation | References Agrell, C., Larsson, P., Okla, L., and Agrell, J. (2002). "PCB congeners in precipitation, wash out ratios and depositional fluxes within the Baltic Sea region, Europe." Atmos. Environ., 36(371-383). Antunes, P., and Gil, O. (2004). "PCB and DDT contamination in cultivated and wild sea bass from Ria de Aveiro, Portugal." Chemosphere, 54, 1503-1507. Arthur, C. L., and Pawliszyn, J. (1990). "Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers." Anal. Chem., 62, 2145-2148. Ashley, J. T. F., and Baker, J. E. (1999). "Hydrophobic organic contaminants in surficial sediment of Baltimore harbor: inventories and sources." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 838-849. Ashley, J. T. F., Secor, D. H., Zlokovitz, E., Wales, S. Q., and Baker, J. E. (2000). "Linking habitat use of Hudson River striped bass to accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners." Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1023-1029. ATSDR. (2000). "Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)." ATSDR, US EPA. Baltussen, E., Cramers, C. A., and Sandra, P. J. F. (2002). "Sorptive sample preparation - a review." Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 373, 3-22. Barakat, A. O., Kim, M., Qian, Y., and Wade, T. L. (2002). "Organochlorine pesticides and PCB residues in sediments of Alexandria Harbour,Egypt." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 1426-1434. Barber, L. B., and Writer, J. H. (1998). "Impact of the 1993 flood on the distribution of organic contaminants in bed sediments of the upper Mississippi River." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2077-2083. Berglund, O., Larsson, P., Ewald, G., and Okla, L. (2000). "Bioaccumulation and differential partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls in freshwater, planktonic food webs." CANADIAN J. FISH. AQUA. SCI., 57, 1160-1168. Berglund, O., Larsson, P., Ewald, G., and Okla, L. (2001). "Influence of trophic status on PCB distribution in lake sediments and biota." Environ. Pollut., 113, 199-210. Bergqvist, P. A., Strandberg, B., Ekelund, R., Rappe, C., and Granmo, A. (1998). "Temporal monitoring of organochlorine compounds in seawater by semipermeable membranes following a flooding episode in Western Europe." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(3887-3892). Blanchard, M., Teil, M. J., Carru, A. M., Chesterikoff, A., and Chevreuil, M. (1997). "Organochlorine distribution and mono-orthosubstituted PCB pattern in the roach (Rutilus rutilus) from the River Seine." Wat. Res., 31, 1455-1461. Blankenship, A. L., Zwiernik, M. J., Coady, K. K., Kay, D. P., Newsted, J. L., Strause, K., Park, C., Bradley, P. W., Neigh, A. M., Millsap, S. D., Jones, P. D., and Giesy, J. P. (2005). "Differential accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the terrestrial food web of the Kalamazoo River Superfund Site, Michigan." Environ. Sci. Technol, 39, 5954 -5963. Bremle, G., and Larsson, P. (1997). "Long term variations of PCB in the water of a river in relation to precipitation and internal sources." Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3232-3237. Broman, D., Naf, C., Rol., C., Zebuhr, Y., Fry, B., and Hobbie, J. (1992). "Using ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes to estimate bioaccumulation and.ux of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in two food chains from the northern baltic." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 11, 331-345. Bruhn, R., and McLachlan, M. S. (2002). "Seasonal variation of polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in the southern part of the Baltic Sea." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 156-163. Campfens, J., and Mackay, D. (1997). "Fugacity based model of PCB bioaccumulation in complex aquatic food web." Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 577-583. Carrera, G., Fernandez, P., Grimalt, J. O., Ventura, M., Camarero, L, Catalan, J., Nickus, U., Thies, H., Psenner, R. (2002). "Atmospheric deposition of organochlorine compounds to remote high mountain lakes of Europe." Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2581-2588. Chen, W. F., Wang, H. C., and Liu C. Z. (1994). "Fish species and PCBs concentration in the Er-Jen River." Ann. Rept. of Nat. Inst. Environ. Anal. Taiwan, R. O. C., 2, 305-318 (in Chinese). Chen, W. F., Wang, H. C., and Liu, C. Z. (1994). "Fish species and PCBs concentration in the Er-Jen River." Ann. Rept. of Nat. Inst. Environ. Anal. Taiwan, R. O. C., 2, 305-318 (in Chinese). Chevreuil, M., Carru, A. M., Chesterikoff, A., Boet, P., and Tales, E. (1995). "Contamination of fish from different areas of the river Seine (France) by organic (PCB and pesticides) and metallic (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) micropollutants." Sci. Total Environ., 162, 31-42. Chiou, C. T. (1985). "Partition coefficients of organic compounds in lipid-water systems and correlations with fish bioconcentration factors." Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 57-62. Chiou, C. T., Mcgroddy, S. E., and Kile, D. E. (1998). "Partitioning characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils sediments." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 264-269. Chiou, C. T., Peters, L. J., and Freed, V. H. (1979). "Physical concept of soil-water equilibria for non-ionic organic-compound." Science, 206, 831-832. Chiou, C. T., Peters, L. J., and Freed, V. H. (1981). "Soil-water equilibria for non-ionic organic-compounds." Science, 213, 684-684. Chiou, C. T., Poter, P. E., and W., S. D. (1983). "Partition equilibria of nonionic organic compounds between soil organic matter and water." Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 227-231. Chiou, C. T., and Schmedding, D. W. (1982). "Partitioning of organic compound in octanol-water system." Environ. Sci. Technol., 16(1), 4-10. Clark, K. E., Gobas, F. A. P. C., and Mackay, D. (1990). "Model of organic chemical uptake and clearance by fish from food and water." Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 1203-1213. Conder, J. M., La Point, T. W., Lotufo, G. R., and Stevens, J. A. (2003). "Nondestructive, minimal-disturbance, direct-burial solid phase microextraction fiber technique for measuring TNT in sediment." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(8), 1625-1632. Cornelissen, G., vanNoort, P. C. M., and Govers, H. A. J. (1997). "Desorption kinetics of chlorobenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls: Sediment extraction with Tenax(R) and effects of contact time and solute hydrophobicity." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 1351-1357. Cousins, I. T., and Jones, K. C. (1998). "Air-soil exchange of semi-volatile organic compounds in the UK." Environ. Pollut.(102), 105-118. EPA, U. S. (1996). " PCBs: Cancer dose response assessment and application to environmental mixtures." National center for environmental assessment, office of research and development, EPA/600/P-96/001F. EPA., R. O. C. (2005). "Yearbook of environmetal protection statics: 2004." 2-54 (in Chinese). Erickson, B. E. (2003). "Small fiber estimates body residues." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 56-57A. Fairey, R., Taberski, K., Lamerdin, S., Johnson, E., Clark, R. P., and Downing, J. W. (1997). "Organochlorines and other environmental contaminants in muscle tissues of sportfish collected from San Francisco Bay." Mar. Pollut. Bullet., 34, 1058-1071. Fisk, A. T., Hobson, K. A., and Norstrom, R. J. (2001). "Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web." Environ Sci Technol, 35, 732-738. Fox, K., Zauke, G. P., and Butte, W. (1994). "Kinetics of bioconcentration and clearance of 28 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)." Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 28, 99-109. Fu, C. T., and Wu, S. C. (2005). "Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in mullet fish in a former ship dismantling harbour, a contaminated estuary, and nearby coastal fish farms." Mar. Pollut. Bullet., 51, 932-939. Fu, C. T., and Wu, S. C. (2006). "Seasonal variation of the distribution of PCBs in sediments and biota in a PCB-contaminated estuary." Chemosphere, 62, 1786-1794. Gobas, F. A. P. C. (1993). "A model for predicting the bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in aquatic food webs: application to lake Ontario." Ecological modelling, 69, 1-17. Gobas, F. A. P. C., and Maclean, L. G. (2003). "Sediment-water distribution of organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems: the role of organic carbon mineralization." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 735-741. Gobas, F. A. P. C., Zhang, X., and Wells, R. (1993). "Gastrointestinal magnification: the mechanism of biomagnification and food chain accumulation of organic chemicals." Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2855-2863. Gray, J. S. (2002). "Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 45, 46-52. Gustafsson, O., Haghseta, F., Chan, C., Macfarlane, J., and Gschwend, P. M. (1997). "Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability." Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 203-209. Harding, G. C., LeBlanc, R. J., Vass, W. P., Addison, R. F., Hargrave, B. T., S., P., Dupuis, A., and Brodie P. F. (1997). "Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the marine pelagic food web, based on a seasonal study in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1976-1977." Mar. Chem., 56, 145-179. Haugen, J. E. W., F.; Lei, Y. D. (1999). "Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of southern norway." Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2340-2345. Hoekstra, P. F., O'Hara, T. M., Fisk, A. T., Borga, K., Solomon, K. R., and Muir, D. C. G. (2003). "Trophic transfer of persistent orgranochlorine contaminants (OCs) within an Arctic marine food web from the southern Beaufort-Chukchi Seas." Environ. pollut., 124, 509-522. Hop, H., Borga, K., Gabrielsen, G. W., Kleivane, L., and Skaare, J. U. (2002). "Food web magnification of persistent organic pollutants in poikilotherms and homeotherms from the Barents Sea." Environ Sci Technol, 36(12), 2589-2597. Hope, B., Scatolini, S., and Titus, E. (1998). "Bioconcentration of chlorinated biphenyls in biota from the north Pacific ocean." Chemosphere, 36, 1247-1261. Horinouchi, M., and Sano, M. (2000). "Food habits of fishes in a Zostera marina bed at Aburatsubo." Central Japan. Ichthyol. Res., 47, 163-1. HSDB. (2000). "Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine, National Toxicology Program, Bethesda, MD." Hsieh, M.-K. (2004). "Exposure pathways of PCBs in Er-Jen River and activity in environmental media measured with solid phase microextraction." Master thesis, National Taiwan University. Hsieh, M.-K., Fu, C.-T., and Wu, S.-C. (2004). "Estimation of PDMS -water partition coefficient by adding glass absorption effect to a traditional water-polymer system." Hsu, S. T., Ma, C. I., and Hsu, S. K. H. (1985). "Discovery and epidemiology of PCB poisoning in Taiwan: A four-year followup." Environ Health Perspect, 59, 5-10. Huang, C. W., H., M., and Lu, J. R. (1992). "Levels of PCBS, PCDDS and PCDFS in soil samples from incineration sites for metal reclamation in Taiwan." Chemosphere, 24, 1669-1676. Huhnerfuss, H., Pfaffenber, B., and Gehrcke, B. (1995). "Stereochemical effects of PCBs in the marine environment - seasonal variation of coplanar and atropisomeric PCBs in blue mussels of the German bight." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 30, 332-340. Isosaari, P., Pajunen, H., and Vartiainen, T. (2002). "PCDD/F and PCB history in dated sediments of a rural lake." Chemosphere, 47, 575-583. Karickhoff, S. W. (1981). "Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils." Chemosphere, 10, 833-846. Karickhoff, S. W., Brown, D. S., and Scott, T. A. (1979). "Sorption of hydrophobic pollutans on natural sediments." Water Res., 13, 241-248. Kay, D. P., Blankenship, A. L., Coady, K. K., Neigh, A. M., Zwiernik, M. J., Millsap, S. D., Strause, K., Park, C., Bradley, P., Newsted, J. L., Jones, P. D., and Giesy, J. P. (2005). "Differential accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the aquatic food web at the Kalamazoo River Superfund site, Michigan." Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5964 -5974. Kelsey, J. W., Kottler, B. D., and Alexander, M. (1997). "Selective chemical extractants to predict bioavailability of soil-aged organic chemicals." Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 214-217. Kiss, G., Varga-Puchony, Z., Tolnai, B. (2001). "The seasonal changes in the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation and aerosol near Lake Balaton, Hungary." Environ. Pollut., 114, 55-61. Kowalewska, G., J., K. S., Wawrzyniak, W. B., and Szymczak, Z. M. (2003). "Transfer of organic contaminants to the Baltic in the Odra Estuary." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 46, 703-718. Kraaij, R., Mayer, P., M., B. F. J., Bolscher, M. V. H., Seinen, W., and Tolls, J. (2003). "Measured Pore-water Concentrations Make Equilibrium Partitioning Work - A Data Analysis." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 268-274. Kukkonen, J. V. K., Landrum, P. F., Mitra, S., Gossiaux, D. C., Gunnarsson, J., and Weston, D. (2003). "Sediment characteristics affecting desorption kinetics of select PAH and PCB congeners for seven laboratory spiked sediments." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4656-4663. Kuo, S. R., and Shao, K. T. (1999). "Species composition of fish in the coastal zones of the Tsengwen Estuary, with descriptions of five new records from Taiwan." Zool. Stud., 38, 391-404. Leslie, H. A., Ter Laak, T. L., Busser, F. J. M., Kraak, M. H. S., and Hermens, J. L. M. (2002). "Bioconcentration of organic chemicals: Is a solid-phase microextraction fiber a good surrogate for biota?" Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5399-5404. Ling, Y. C., Soong, D. K., and Lee, M. K. (1995). "PCDD/DFS and Coplanar PCBs in sediment and fish sample from the Er-Jen River in Taiwan." Chemosphere, 31, 2863-2872. Loizeau, V., Abarnou, A., and Menesguen, A. (2001). "A steady-state model of PCB bioaccumulation in the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) food web from the Seine estuary, France." Estuary, 24, 1074-1087. Lu, J. R., Miyata, H., Huang, C. W., Tsai, H. T., Sheng, V. Z., Nakao, T., Mase, Y., Aozasa, O., and Ohta, S. (1995). "Contamination levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and non-orthochlorine substituted coplanar PCBs in milkfish and crab from culture pond and coastal area near open-air incineration sites for metal reclamation in Wan Li, Taiwan, Republic of China." Chemosphere(31), 2959-2970. Lung, S. C., Chen, C. F., Hu, S. C., and Bau, Y. P. (2003). "Exposure of Taiwan residents to polychlorinated biphenyl congeners from farmed, ocean-caught, and imported Fish." Environ. Sci. Technol, 37, 4579-4585. Ma, M., Feng, Z., Guan, C., Ma, Y., Xu, H., and Li, H. (2001). "DDT, PAH and PCB in Sediments from the Intertidal Zone of the Bohai and the Yellow Sea." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 132-136. Macintosh, C. E., Maldonado, J., Wu, J. H., Hoover, N., Chong, A., Ikonomou, M. G., and Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2004). "Distribution of phthalate esters in a marine aquatic food web:comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls." Environ Sci Technol, 38, 2011-2020. Mackay, D. (1982). "Correlation of bioconcentration factors." Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 274-278. MacKay, D. (2001). Multimedia fnvironmental model: the fugacity approach, Lewis Publishers Inc, Chelsea, MI. Mackay, D., and Paterson, S. (1982). Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 655A-661A. Manchester-Neesvig, J. B. A., A. W. (1989). "Seasonal variation in the atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners." Environ. Sci. Technol., 23, 1138-1148. Matsuda, Y. (2001). "Fate of PCDF/PCB congeners and change of clinical symptoms in patients with Yusho PCB poisoning for 30 years." Chemosphere, 43, 925-930. Mayer, P., Tolls, J., Hermens, J. L. M., and Mackay, D. (2003). "Equlibrium sampling devices." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 185-191. Mayer, P., Vaes, W. H. J., and Hermens, J. L. M. (2000). "Absorption of hydrophobic compounds into the poly(dimethylsiloxane) coating of solid-phase microextraction fibers: high partition coefficients and fluorescence microscopy images." Anal. Chem., 72, 459-464. Mayer, P., Vaes, W. H. J., Wijnker, F., Legierse, K. C. H. M., Kraaij, R. H., Tolls, J., and Hermens, J. L. M. (2000). "Sensing dissolved sediment porewater concentrations of persistent and bioaccumulative pollutants using disposable solid-phase microextraction fibers." Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 5177-5183. Mckim, J. M., and Erickson, R. (1991). "Environmental impacts on the physiological-mechanisms controlling xenobiotic transfer across fish gills." Physiol Zool., 64, 39-67. Meijer, S. N., Steinnes, E., Ockenden, W. A., and Jones, K. C. (2002). "Influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of PCBs in Norwegian and U.K. soils: Implications for global cycling." Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2146-2153. Meylan, W. M., Howard, P. H., Boethling, R. S., Aronson, D., Printup, H., and Gouchie, S. (1999). "Improved method for estimating bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factor from octanol/water partition coefficient." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 664-672. Montone, R. C., Taniguchi, S., and Weber, R. R. (2001.). "Polychlorinated biphenyls in marine sediments of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 611-614. Morrison, D. E., Robertson, B. K., and Alexander, M. (2000). "Bioavailability to earthworms of aged DDT, DDE, DDD, and Dieldrin in soil." Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 709-713. Muir, D., Savinova, T., Savinov, V., Alexeeva, L., Potelov, V., and Svetochev, V. (2003). "Bioaccumulation of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in seals, fishes and invertebrates from the White Sea, Russia." Sci total Environ, 306, 111-131. Neely, W. B., Branson, D. R., and Blau, G. E. (1974). "Partition coefficient to measure bioconcentration potential of organic chemicals in fish." Environ. Sci. Technol., 1113-1115. Oliver, G. B., and Niimi, A. J. (1983). "Bioconcentration of chlorobenzenes from water by rainbow trout: correlations with partition coefficients and environmental residues." Environ. Sci. Technol., 287-291. Oomen, A. G., Mayer, P., and Tolls, J. (2000). "Nonequilibrium solid phase microextraction for determination of the freely dissolved concentration of hydrophobic organic compound: Matrix effects and limitations." Anal. Chem., 72, 2802-2808. Opperhuizen, A., van der Velde, E. W., Gobas, F. A. P. C., Liem, D. A. K., van der Steen, J. M. D., and Hutzinger, O. (1985). "Relationship between bioconcentration in fish and steric factors of hydrophobic chemicals." Chemosphere, 1871-1896. Pelley, J. (2005). "Zebra mussels reroute contaminant flow through food chain." Environ Sci Technol, 39(21), 432A-433A. Poerschmann, J., Góecki, T., and Kopinke, F. (2000). "Sorption of very hydrophobic organic compounds onto poly(dimethylsiloxane) and dissolved humic organic matter. 1. Adsorption or partitioning of VHOC on PDMS-coated solid-phase microextraction fibers─A never-ending story?" Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(3824-3830). R.O.C. Central Weather Bureau. "http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/index.htm." accessed March 2005 (in Chinese). R.O.C. Water Resource Agency. http://gweb.wra.gov.tw/wrweb/, (accessed Mach 2005). Ramos, E. U., Meijer, S. N., Vaes, W. H. J., Verhaar, H. J. M., and Hermens, J. L. M. (1998). "Using solid-phase microextraction to determine partition coefficients to humic acids and bioavailable concentrations of hydrophobic chemicals." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3430-3435. Reiser, D. W., Greenberg, E. S., Helser, T. E., Branton, M., and Jenkins, K. D. (2004). "In situ reproduction, abundance, and growth of young-of-year and adult largemouth bass in a population exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 1762-1773. Ritter, L., Solomon, K. R., Forget, J., Stemeroff, M., and O'Leary, C. (1996). "A review of the persistent organic pollutants: DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans." UNEP. Russell, R., Gobas, F. A. P. C., and Haffner, G. D. (1999). "Role of chemical and ecological factors in trophic transfer of organic chemicals in aquatic food web." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 1250-1257. Sather, P. J., Ikonomou, M. G., and Haya, K. (2006). "Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants in sediments collected near fish farm sites." Aquaculture, 254, 234-247. Schecter, A., Cramer, P., Boggess, K., Stanley, J., and Olson, J. R. (1997). "Levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCB and DDE congeners in pooled food samples collected in 1995 at supermarkets across the United States." Chemosphere, 34, 1437-1447. Schmidt, T. C., Zwank, L., Elsner, M., Berg, M., Meckenstock, R. U., and Haderlein, S. B. (2004). "Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of organic contaminants in natural environments: a critical review of the state of the art, prospects, and future challenges." Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 378(2), 283-300. Sormo, E. G., Skaare, J. U., Jussi, I., Jussi, M., and Jenssen, B. M. (2003). "Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in Baltic and Atlantic gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 2789-2799. Stapleton, H. M., Masterson, C., Skubinna, J., Ostrom, P., E., O. N., and Baker, J. E. (2001). "Accumulation of atmospheric and sedimentary PCBs and Toxaphene in Lake Michigan food web." Environ Sci Technol, 35, 3287-3293. Stapleton, H. M., Skubinna, J., and Baker, J. E. (2002). "Seasonal dynamics of PCB and toxaphene bioaccumulation within a Lake Michigan food web." J. Great lakes Res., 28, 52-64. Stewart, A. R., Stern, G. A., Lockhart, W. L., Kidd, K. A., Salki, A. G., Stainton, M. P., Koczanski, K., Rosenberg, G. B., Savoie, D. A., Billeck, B. N., Wilkinson, P., and Muir, D. C. G. (2003). "Assessing trends in organochlorine concentrations in Lake Winnipeg fish following the 1997 red river flood." J. Great lakes Res., 29, 332-354. Tang, J., Robertson, B. K., and Alexander, M. (1999). "Chemical-extraction methods to estimate bioavailability of DDT, DDE, and DDD in soil." Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4346-4351. Teil, M. J., M., B., Carru, A. M., Chesterikoff, A., and Chevreuil, M. (1996). "Partition of metallic and organochlorinated pollutants and monoorthosubstituted PCB pattern in the trophic web from different areas of river Seine." Sci. Total Environ., 181, 111-123. Thomann, R. V., and Connolly, J. P. (1984). "Model of PCB in the Lake Michigan lake trout food chain." Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 65-71. Thomann, R. V., Connolly, J. P., and Parkerton, T. F. (1992). "An equilibrium-model of organic chemical accumulation in aquatic food webs with sediment interaction." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 11, 615-629. van der Wal, L., Jager, T., Fleuren, R. H. L. J., Barendregt, A., Sinnige, T. L., van Gestel, C. A. M., and Hermens, J. L. M. (2004). "Solid-phase microextraction to predict bioavailability and accumulation of organic micropollutants in terrestrial organism after exposure to a field-contaminated soil." Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4842-4848. Vander Zanden, M. J., Shuter, B. J., Lester, N., and Rasmussen, J. B. (1999). "Patterns of food chain length in lakes: A stable isotope study." The American Naturalist, 154, 406-416. Verhaar, H. J. M., de Jong, J., and Hermens, J. L. M. (1999). "Modeling the bioconcentration of organic compounds by fish: A novel approach." Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4069-4072. Wang, C. H., Huang, H. Z., and Hong, W. C. (2000). "Analysis of PCBs in the fishes in rivers of Taiwan." Ann. Rept. Nat. Inst. Environ. Anal. Taiwan, R. O. C., 8, 115-130 (in Chinese). Wania, F., and Mackay, D. (1996). "Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants." Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 390A-396A. Wania, F., and MacKay, D. (2000). "The evolution of mass balance models of persistent organic pollutant in the environment." Environ. pollut., 100, 223-240. Wania, I. T., and Mackay, D. (1993). "Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in polar regions." Ambio, 22, 10-18. Warren, C. S., Mackay, D., Bahadur, N. P., and Boocock, D. G. B. (2002). "A suite of multi-segment fugacity models describing the fate of organic contaminants in aquatic systems application to the Rihand Reservoir, India." Wat. Res., 36(17), 4341-4355. Wickie, W., and Amelung, W. (2000). "Persistent organic pollutant in native grassland soils along a climosequence in North America." Soil Sci. Society of America J., 64, 2140-2148. Wiklund, A. K. E., Wiklund, S. J., Axelman, J., and Sundelin, B. (2003). "Dynamics of lipids and polychlorinated biphenyls in a Baltic amphiod (Monoporeia affinis): A field study." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 2499-2507. Wilcockson, J. B., and Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2001). "Thin-film solid phase extraction to measure fugacities of organic chemicals with low volatility in biological samples." Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1425-1431. Wodarg, D., Kömp, P., and S., M. M. (2004). "A baseline study of polychlorinated biphenyl and hexachlorobenzene concentrations in the western Baltic Sea and Baltic Proper." Mar. Chem., 87, 23-36. Wurl, O., and Obbard, J. P. (2005). "Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Singapore_s coastal marine sediments." Chemosphere, 58, 925-933. Zhang, Z. L., Hong, H. S., Zhou, J. L., Huang, J., and Yu, G. (2003). "Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary, Southeast China." Chemosphere, 52, 1423-1430. Zhou, J. L., Hong, H., Zhang, Z., Maskaoui, K., and Chen, W. F. (2000). "Multi-phase distribution of organic micropollutants in Xiamen Harbour, China." Water Res., 34, 2132-2150. Zhou, J. L., Maskaoui, K., Qiu, Y. W., Hong, H. S., and Wang, Z. D. (2001). "Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay, China." Environ. Poll., 113, 373-384. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| record_format | openpolar |
| spelling | ftntaiwanuniv:oai:140.112.114.62:246246/62600 2025-03-30T15:00:46+00:00 量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究 Quantification of the Influences of Environmental and Ecological Factors on the Distribution of PCBs in Fishes in a Tropical Estuary 傅崇德 Fu, Chung-Te 吳先琪 臺灣大學：環境工程學研究所 傅崇德 Fu, Chung-Te 2006 2743169 bytes application/pdf http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/62600 http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/62600/1/ntu-95-D90541001-1.pdf en-US en_US eng References Agrell, C., Larsson, P., Okla, L., and Agrell, J. (2002). "PCB congeners in precipitation, wash out ratios and depositional fluxes within the Baltic Sea region, Europe." Atmos. Environ., 36(371-383). Antunes, P., and Gil, O. (2004). "PCB and DDT contamination in cultivated and wild sea bass from Ria de Aveiro, Portugal." Chemosphere, 54, 1503-1507. Arthur, C. L., and Pawliszyn, J. (1990). "Solid phase microextraction with thermal desorption using fused silica optical fibers." Anal. Chem., 62, 2145-2148. Ashley, J. T. F., and Baker, J. E. (1999). "Hydrophobic organic contaminants in surficial sediment of Baltimore harbor: inventories and sources." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 838-849. Ashley, J. T. F., Secor, D. H., Zlokovitz, E., Wales, S. Q., and Baker, J. E. (2000). "Linking habitat use of Hudson River striped bass to accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners." Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1023-1029. ATSDR. (2000). "Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)." ATSDR, US EPA. Baltussen, E., Cramers, C. A., and Sandra, P. J. F. (2002). "Sorptive sample preparation - a review." Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 373, 3-22. Barakat, A. O., Kim, M., Qian, Y., and Wade, T. L. (2002). "Organochlorine pesticides and PCB residues in sediments of Alexandria Harbour,Egypt." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 1426-1434. Barber, L. B., and Writer, J. H. (1998). "Impact of the 1993 flood on the distribution of organic contaminants in bed sediments of the upper Mississippi River." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2077-2083. Berglund, O., Larsson, P., Ewald, G., and Okla, L. (2000). "Bioaccumulation and differential partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls in freshwater, planktonic food webs." CANADIAN J. FISH. AQUA. SCI., 57, 1160-1168. Berglund, O., Larsson, P., Ewald, G., and Okla, L. (2001). "Influence of trophic status on PCB distribution in lake sediments and biota." Environ. Pollut., 113, 199-210. Bergqvist, P. A., Strandberg, B., Ekelund, R., Rappe, C., and Granmo, A. (1998). "Temporal monitoring of organochlorine compounds in seawater by semipermeable membranes following a flooding episode in Western Europe." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(3887-3892). Blanchard, M., Teil, M. J., Carru, A. M., Chesterikoff, A., and Chevreuil, M. (1997). "Organochlorine distribution and mono-orthosubstituted PCB pattern in the roach (Rutilus rutilus) from the River Seine." Wat. Res., 31, 1455-1461. Blankenship, A. L., Zwiernik, M. J., Coady, K. K., Kay, D. P., Newsted, J. L., Strause, K., Park, C., Bradley, P. W., Neigh, A. M., Millsap, S. D., Jones, P. D., and Giesy, J. P. (2005). "Differential accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the terrestrial food web of the Kalamazoo River Superfund Site, Michigan." Environ. Sci. Technol, 39, 5954 -5963. Bremle, G., and Larsson, P. (1997). "Long term variations of PCB in the water of a river in relation to precipitation and internal sources." Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3232-3237. Broman, D., Naf, C., Rol., C., Zebuhr, Y., Fry, B., and Hobbie, J. (1992). "Using ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes to estimate bioaccumulation and.ux of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in two food chains from the northern baltic." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 11, 331-345. Bruhn, R., and McLachlan, M. S. (2002). "Seasonal variation of polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in the southern part of the Baltic Sea." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 156-163. Campfens, J., and Mackay, D. (1997). "Fugacity based model of PCB bioaccumulation in complex aquatic food web." Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 577-583. Carrera, G., Fernandez, P., Grimalt, J. O., Ventura, M., Camarero, L, Catalan, J., Nickus, U., Thies, H., Psenner, R. (2002). "Atmospheric deposition of organochlorine compounds to remote high mountain lakes of Europe." Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2581-2588. Chen, W. F., Wang, H. C., and Liu C. Z. (1994). "Fish species and PCBs concentration in the Er-Jen River." Ann. Rept. of Nat. Inst. Environ. Anal. Taiwan, R. O. C., 2, 305-318 (in Chinese). Chen, W. F., Wang, H. C., and Liu, C. Z. (1994). "Fish species and PCBs concentration in the Er-Jen River." Ann. Rept. of Nat. Inst. Environ. Anal. Taiwan, R. O. C., 2, 305-318 (in Chinese). Chevreuil, M., Carru, A. M., Chesterikoff, A., Boet, P., and Tales, E. (1995). "Contamination of fish from different areas of the river Seine (France) by organic (PCB and pesticides) and metallic (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) micropollutants." Sci. Total Environ., 162, 31-42. Chiou, C. T. (1985). "Partition coefficients of organic compounds in lipid-water systems and correlations with fish bioconcentration factors." Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 57-62. Chiou, C. T., Mcgroddy, S. E., and Kile, D. E. (1998). "Partitioning characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils sediments." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 264-269. Chiou, C. T., Peters, L. J., and Freed, V. H. (1979). "Physical concept of soil-water equilibria for non-ionic organic-compound." Science, 206, 831-832. Chiou, C. T., Peters, L. J., and Freed, V. H. (1981). "Soil-water equilibria for non-ionic organic-compounds." Science, 213, 684-684. Chiou, C. T., Poter, P. E., and W., S. D. (1983). "Partition equilibria of nonionic organic compounds between soil organic matter and water." Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 227-231. Chiou, C. T., and Schmedding, D. W. (1982). "Partitioning of organic compound in octanol-water system." Environ. Sci. Technol., 16(1), 4-10. Clark, K. E., Gobas, F. A. P. C., and Mackay, D. (1990). "Model of organic chemical uptake and clearance by fish from food and water." Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 1203-1213. Conder, J. M., La Point, T. W., Lotufo, G. R., and Stevens, J. A. (2003). "Nondestructive, minimal-disturbance, direct-burial solid phase microextraction fiber technique for measuring TNT in sediment." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(8), 1625-1632. Cornelissen, G., vanNoort, P. C. M., and Govers, H. A. J. (1997). "Desorption kinetics of chlorobenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls: Sediment extraction with Tenax(R) and effects of contact time and solute hydrophobicity." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 1351-1357. Cousins, I. T., and Jones, K. C. (1998). "Air-soil exchange of semi-volatile organic compounds in the UK." Environ. Pollut.(102), 105-118. EPA, U. S. (1996). " PCBs: Cancer dose response assessment and application to environmental mixtures." National center for environmental assessment, office of research and development, EPA/600/P-96/001F. EPA., R. O. C. (2005). "Yearbook of environmetal protection statics: 2004." 2-54 (in Chinese). Erickson, B. E. (2003). "Small fiber estimates body residues." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 56-57A. Fairey, R., Taberski, K., Lamerdin, S., Johnson, E., Clark, R. P., and Downing, J. W. (1997). "Organochlorines and other environmental contaminants in muscle tissues of sportfish collected from San Francisco Bay." Mar. Pollut. Bullet., 34, 1058-1071. Fisk, A. T., Hobson, K. A., and Norstrom, R. J. (2001). "Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the northwater polynya marine food web." Environ Sci Technol, 35, 732-738. Fox, K., Zauke, G. P., and Butte, W. (1994). "Kinetics of bioconcentration and clearance of 28 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)." Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 28, 99-109. Fu, C. T., and Wu, S. C. (2005). "Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in mullet fish in a former ship dismantling harbour, a contaminated estuary, and nearby coastal fish farms." Mar. Pollut. Bullet., 51, 932-939. Fu, C. T., and Wu, S. C. (2006). "Seasonal variation of the distribution of PCBs in sediments and biota in a PCB-contaminated estuary." Chemosphere, 62, 1786-1794. Gobas, F. A. P. C. (1993). "A model for predicting the bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in aquatic food webs: application to lake Ontario." Ecological modelling, 69, 1-17. Gobas, F. A. P. C., and Maclean, L. G. (2003). "Sediment-water distribution of organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems: the role of organic carbon mineralization." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 735-741. Gobas, F. A. P. C., Zhang, X., and Wells, R. (1993). "Gastrointestinal magnification: the mechanism of biomagnification and food chain accumulation of organic chemicals." Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2855-2863. Gray, J. S. (2002). "Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 45, 46-52. Gustafsson, O., Haghseta, F., Chan, C., Macfarlane, J., and Gschwend, P. M. (1997). "Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability." Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 203-209. Harding, G. C., LeBlanc, R. J., Vass, W. P., Addison, R. F., Hargrave, B. T., S., P., Dupuis, A., and Brodie P. F. (1997). "Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the marine pelagic food web, based on a seasonal study in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1976-1977." Mar. Chem., 56, 145-179. Haugen, J. E. W., F.; Lei, Y. D. (1999). "Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of southern norway." Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2340-2345. Hoekstra, P. F., O'Hara, T. M., Fisk, A. T., Borga, K., Solomon, K. R., and Muir, D. C. G. (2003). "Trophic transfer of persistent orgranochlorine contaminants (OCs) within an Arctic marine food web from the southern Beaufort-Chukchi Seas." Environ. pollut., 124, 509-522. Hop, H., Borga, K., Gabrielsen, G. W., Kleivane, L., and Skaare, J. U. (2002). "Food web magnification of persistent organic pollutants in poikilotherms and homeotherms from the Barents Sea." Environ Sci Technol, 36(12), 2589-2597. Hope, B., Scatolini, S., and Titus, E. (1998). "Bioconcentration of chlorinated biphenyls in biota from the north Pacific ocean." Chemosphere, 36, 1247-1261. Horinouchi, M., and Sano, M. (2000). "Food habits of fishes in a Zostera marina bed at Aburatsubo." Central Japan. Ichthyol. Res., 47, 163-1. HSDB. (2000). "Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine, National Toxicology Program, Bethesda, MD." Hsieh, M.-K. (2004). "Exposure pathways of PCBs in Er-Jen River and activity in environmental media measured with solid phase microextraction." Master thesis, National Taiwan University. Hsieh, M.-K., Fu, C.-T., and Wu, S.-C. (2004). "Estimation of PDMS -water partition coefficient by adding glass absorption effect to a traditional water-polymer system." Hsu, S. T., Ma, C. I., and Hsu, S. K. H. (1985). "Discovery and epidemiology of PCB poisoning in Taiwan: A four-year followup." Environ Health Perspect, 59, 5-10. Huang, C. W., H., M., and Lu, J. R. (1992). "Levels of PCBS, PCDDS and PCDFS in soil samples from incineration sites for metal reclamation in Taiwan." Chemosphere, 24, 1669-1676. Huhnerfuss, H., Pfaffenber, B., and Gehrcke, B. (1995). "Stereochemical effects of PCBs in the marine environment - seasonal variation of coplanar and atropisomeric PCBs in blue mussels of the German bight." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 30, 332-340. Isosaari, P., Pajunen, H., and Vartiainen, T. (2002). "PCDD/F and PCB history in dated sediments of a rural lake." Chemosphere, 47, 575-583. Karickhoff, S. W. (1981). "Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils." Chemosphere, 10, 833-846. Karickhoff, S. W., Brown, D. S., and Scott, T. A. (1979). "Sorption of hydrophobic pollutans on natural sediments." Water Res., 13, 241-248. Kay, D. P., Blankenship, A. L., Coady, K. K., Neigh, A. M., Zwiernik, M. J., Millsap, S. D., Strause, K., Park, C., Bradley, P., Newsted, J. L., Jones, P. D., and Giesy, J. P. (2005). "Differential accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the aquatic food web at the Kalamazoo River Superfund site, Michigan." Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5964 -5974. Kelsey, J. W., Kottler, B. D., and Alexander, M. (1997). "Selective chemical extractants to predict bioavailability of soil-aged organic chemicals." Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 214-217. Kiss, G., Varga-Puchony, Z., Tolnai, B. (2001). "The seasonal changes in the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation and aerosol near Lake Balaton, Hungary." Environ. Pollut., 114, 55-61. Kowalewska, G., J., K. S., Wawrzyniak, W. B., and Szymczak, Z. M. (2003). "Transfer of organic contaminants to the Baltic in the Odra Estuary." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 46, 703-718. Kraaij, R., Mayer, P., M., B. F. J., Bolscher, M. V. H., Seinen, W., and Tolls, J. (2003). "Measured Pore-water Concentrations Make Equilibrium Partitioning Work - A Data Analysis." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 268-274. Kukkonen, J. V. K., Landrum, P. F., Mitra, S., Gossiaux, D. C., Gunnarsson, J., and Weston, D. (2003). "Sediment characteristics affecting desorption kinetics of select PAH and PCB congeners for seven laboratory spiked sediments." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4656-4663. Kuo, S. R., and Shao, K. T. (1999). "Species composition of fish in the coastal zones of the Tsengwen Estuary, with descriptions of five new records from Taiwan." Zool. Stud., 38, 391-404. Leslie, H. A., Ter Laak, T. L., Busser, F. J. M., Kraak, M. H. S., and Hermens, J. L. M. (2002). "Bioconcentration of organic chemicals: Is a solid-phase microextraction fiber a good surrogate for biota?" Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5399-5404. Ling, Y. C., Soong, D. K., and Lee, M. K. (1995). "PCDD/DFS and Coplanar PCBs in sediment and fish sample from the Er-Jen River in Taiwan." Chemosphere, 31, 2863-2872. Loizeau, V., Abarnou, A., and Menesguen, A. (2001). "A steady-state model of PCB bioaccumulation in the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) food web from the Seine estuary, France." Estuary, 24, 1074-1087. Lu, J. R., Miyata, H., Huang, C. W., Tsai, H. T., Sheng, V. Z., Nakao, T., Mase, Y., Aozasa, O., and Ohta, S. (1995). "Contamination levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and non-orthochlorine substituted coplanar PCBs in milkfish and crab from culture pond and coastal area near open-air incineration sites for metal reclamation in Wan Li, Taiwan, Republic of China." Chemosphere(31), 2959-2970. Lung, S. C., Chen, C. F., Hu, S. C., and Bau, Y. P. (2003). "Exposure of Taiwan residents to polychlorinated biphenyl congeners from farmed, ocean-caught, and imported Fish." Environ. Sci. Technol, 37, 4579-4585. Ma, M., Feng, Z., Guan, C., Ma, Y., Xu, H., and Li, H. (2001). "DDT, PAH and PCB in Sediments from the Intertidal Zone of the Bohai and the Yellow Sea." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 132-136. Macintosh, C. E., Maldonado, J., Wu, J. H., Hoover, N., Chong, A., Ikonomou, M. G., and Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2004). "Distribution of phthalate esters in a marine aquatic food web:comparison to polychlorinated biphenyls." Environ Sci Technol, 38, 2011-2020. Mackay, D. (1982). "Correlation of bioconcentration factors." Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 274-278. MacKay, D. (2001). Multimedia fnvironmental model: the fugacity approach, Lewis Publishers Inc, Chelsea, MI. Mackay, D., and Paterson, S. (1982). Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 655A-661A. Manchester-Neesvig, J. B. A., A. W. (1989). "Seasonal variation in the atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners." Environ. Sci. Technol., 23, 1138-1148. Matsuda, Y. (2001). "Fate of PCDF/PCB congeners and change of clinical symptoms in patients with Yusho PCB poisoning for 30 years." Chemosphere, 43, 925-930. Mayer, P., Tolls, J., Hermens, J. L. M., and Mackay, D. (2003). "Equlibrium sampling devices." Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 185-191. Mayer, P., Vaes, W. H. J., and Hermens, J. L. M. (2000). "Absorption of hydrophobic compounds into the poly(dimethylsiloxane) coating of solid-phase microextraction fibers: high partition coefficients and fluorescence microscopy images." Anal. Chem., 72, 459-464. Mayer, P., Vaes, W. H. J., Wijnker, F., Legierse, K. C. H. M., Kraaij, R. H., Tolls, J., and Hermens, J. L. M. (2000). "Sensing dissolved sediment porewater concentrations of persistent and bioaccumulative pollutants using disposable solid-phase microextraction fibers." Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 5177-5183. Mckim, J. M., and Erickson, R. (1991). "Environmental impacts on the physiological-mechanisms controlling xenobiotic transfer across fish gills." Physiol Zool., 64, 39-67. Meijer, S. N., Steinnes, E., Ockenden, W. A., and Jones, K. C. (2002). "Influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of PCBs in Norwegian and U.K. soils: Implications for global cycling." Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 2146-2153. Meylan, W. M., Howard, P. H., Boethling, R. S., Aronson, D., Printup, H., and Gouchie, S. (1999). "Improved method for estimating bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factor from octanol/water partition coefficient." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 664-672. Montone, R. C., Taniguchi, S., and Weber, R. R. (2001.). "Polychlorinated biphenyls in marine sediments of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica." Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 611-614. Morrison, D. E., Robertson, B. K., and Alexander, M. (2000). "Bioavailability to earthworms of aged DDT, DDE, DDD, and Dieldrin in soil." Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 709-713. Muir, D., Savinova, T., Savinov, V., Alexeeva, L., Potelov, V., and Svetochev, V. (2003). "Bioaccumulation of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in seals, fishes and invertebrates from the White Sea, Russia." Sci total Environ, 306, 111-131. Neely, W. B., Branson, D. R., and Blau, G. E. (1974). "Partition coefficient to measure bioconcentration potential of organic chemicals in fish." Environ. Sci. Technol., 1113-1115. Oliver, G. B., and Niimi, A. J. (1983). "Bioconcentration of chlorobenzenes from water by rainbow trout: correlations with partition coefficients and environmental residues." Environ. Sci. Technol., 287-291. Oomen, A. G., Mayer, P., and Tolls, J. (2000). "Nonequilibrium solid phase microextraction for determination of the freely dissolved concentration of hydrophobic organic compound: Matrix effects and limitations." Anal. Chem., 72, 2802-2808. Opperhuizen, A., van der Velde, E. W., Gobas, F. A. P. C., Liem, D. A. K., van der Steen, J. M. D., and Hutzinger, O. (1985). "Relationship between bioconcentration in fish and steric factors of hydrophobic chemicals." Chemosphere, 1871-1896. Pelley, J. (2005). "Zebra mussels reroute contaminant flow through food chain." Environ Sci Technol, 39(21), 432A-433A. Poerschmann, J., Góecki, T., and Kopinke, F. (2000). "Sorption of very hydrophobic organic compounds onto poly(dimethylsiloxane) and dissolved humic organic matter. 1. Adsorption or partitioning of VHOC on PDMS-coated solid-phase microextraction fibers─A never-ending story?" Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(3824-3830). R.O.C. Central Weather Bureau. "http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/index.htm." accessed March 2005 (in Chinese). R.O.C. Water Resource Agency. http://gweb.wra.gov.tw/wrweb/, (accessed Mach 2005). Ramos, E. U., Meijer, S. N., Vaes, W. H. J., Verhaar, H. J. M., and Hermens, J. L. M. (1998). "Using solid-phase microextraction to determine partition coefficients to humic acids and bioavailable concentrations of hydrophobic chemicals." Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3430-3435. Reiser, D. W., Greenberg, E. S., Helser, T. E., Branton, M., and Jenkins, K. D. (2004). "In situ reproduction, abundance, and growth of young-of-year and adult largemouth bass in a population exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 1762-1773. Ritter, L., Solomon, K. R., Forget, J., Stemeroff, M., and O'Leary, C. (1996). "A review of the persistent organic pollutants: DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans." UNEP. Russell, R., Gobas, F. A. P. C., and Haffner, G. D. (1999). "Role of chemical and ecological factors in trophic transfer of organic chemicals in aquatic food web." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 1250-1257. Sather, P. J., Ikonomou, M. G., and Haya, K. (2006). "Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants in sediments collected near fish farm sites." Aquaculture, 254, 234-247. Schecter, A., Cramer, P., Boggess, K., Stanley, J., and Olson, J. R. (1997). "Levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCB and DDE congeners in pooled food samples collected in 1995 at supermarkets across the United States." Chemosphere, 34, 1437-1447. Schmidt, T. C., Zwank, L., Elsner, M., Berg, M., Meckenstock, R. U., and Haderlein, S. B. (2004). "Compound-specific stable isotope analysis of organic contaminants in natural environments: a critical review of the state of the art, prospects, and future challenges." Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 378(2), 283-300. Sormo, E. G., Skaare, J. U., Jussi, I., Jussi, M., and Jenssen, B. M. (2003). "Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in Baltic and Atlantic gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 2789-2799. Stapleton, H. M., Masterson, C., Skubinna, J., Ostrom, P., E., O. N., and Baker, J. E. (2001). "Accumulation of atmospheric and sedimentary PCBs and Toxaphene in Lake Michigan food web." Environ Sci Technol, 35, 3287-3293. Stapleton, H. M., Skubinna, J., and Baker, J. E. (2002). "Seasonal dynamics of PCB and toxaphene bioaccumulation within a Lake Michigan food web." J. Great lakes Res., 28, 52-64. Stewart, A. R., Stern, G. A., Lockhart, W. L., Kidd, K. A., Salki, A. G., Stainton, M. P., Koczanski, K., Rosenberg, G. B., Savoie, D. A., Billeck, B. N., Wilkinson, P., and Muir, D. C. G. (2003). "Assessing trends in organochlorine concentrations in Lake Winnipeg fish following the 1997 red river flood." J. Great lakes Res., 29, 332-354. Tang, J., Robertson, B. K., and Alexander, M. (1999). "Chemical-extraction methods to estimate bioavailability of DDT, DDE, and DDD in soil." Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4346-4351. Teil, M. J., M., B., Carru, A. M., Chesterikoff, A., and Chevreuil, M. (1996). "Partition of metallic and organochlorinated pollutants and monoorthosubstituted PCB pattern in the trophic web from different areas of river Seine." Sci. Total Environ., 181, 111-123. Thomann, R. V., and Connolly, J. P. (1984). "Model of PCB in the Lake Michigan lake trout food chain." Environ. Sci. Technol., 18, 65-71. Thomann, R. V., Connolly, J. P., and Parkerton, T. F. (1992). "An equilibrium-model of organic chemical accumulation in aquatic food webs with sediment interaction." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 11, 615-629. van der Wal, L., Jager, T., Fleuren, R. H. L. J., Barendregt, A., Sinnige, T. L., van Gestel, C. A. M., and Hermens, J. L. M. (2004). "Solid-phase microextraction to predict bioavailability and accumulation of organic micropollutants in terrestrial organism after exposure to a field-contaminated soil." Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4842-4848. Vander Zanden, M. J., Shuter, B. J., Lester, N., and Rasmussen, J. B. (1999). "Patterns of food chain length in lakes: A stable isotope study." The American Naturalist, 154, 406-416. Verhaar, H. J. M., de Jong, J., and Hermens, J. L. M. (1999). "Modeling the bioconcentration of organic compounds by fish: A novel approach." Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4069-4072. Wang, C. H., Huang, H. Z., and Hong, W. C. (2000). "Analysis of PCBs in the fishes in rivers of Taiwan." Ann. Rept. Nat. Inst. Environ. Anal. Taiwan, R. O. C., 8, 115-130 (in Chinese). Wania, F., and Mackay, D. (1996). "Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants." Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 390A-396A. Wania, F., and MacKay, D. (2000). "The evolution of mass balance models of persistent organic pollutant in the environment." Environ. pollut., 100, 223-240. Wania, I. T., and Mackay, D. (1993). "Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in polar regions." Ambio, 22, 10-18. Warren, C. S., Mackay, D., Bahadur, N. P., and Boocock, D. G. B. (2002). "A suite of multi-segment fugacity models describing the fate of organic contaminants in aquatic systems application to the Rihand Reservoir, India." Wat. Res., 36(17), 4341-4355. Wickie, W., and Amelung, W. (2000). "Persistent organic pollutant in native grassland soils along a climosequence in North America." Soil Sci. Society of America J., 64, 2140-2148. Wiklund, A. K. E., Wiklund, S. J., Axelman, J., and Sundelin, B. (2003). "Dynamics of lipids and polychlorinated biphenyls in a Baltic amphiod (Monoporeia affinis): A field study." Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 2499-2507. Wilcockson, J. B., and Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2001). "Thin-film solid phase extraction to measure fugacities of organic chemicals with low volatility in biological samples." Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1425-1431. Wodarg, D., Kömp, P., and S., M. M. (2004). "A baseline study of polychlorinated biphenyl and hexachlorobenzene concentrations in the western Baltic Sea and Baltic Proper." Mar. Chem., 87, 23-36. Wurl, O., and Obbard, J. P. (2005). "Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Singapore_s coastal marine sediments." Chemosphere, 58, 925-933. Zhang, Z. L., Hong, H. S., Zhou, J. L., Huang, J., and Yu, G. (2003). "Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary, Southeast China." Chemosphere, 52, 1423-1430. Zhou, J. L., Hong, H., Zhang, Z., Maskaoui, K., and Chen, W. F. (2000). "Multi-phase distribution of organic micropollutants in Xiamen Harbour, China." Water Res., 34, 2132-2150. Zhou, J. L., Maskaoui, K., Qiu, Y. W., Hong, H. S., and Wang, Z. D. (2001). "Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay, China." Environ. Poll., 113, 373-384. 多氯聯苯 二仁溪河口 生物累積:魚 量化 PCBs Er-Jen estuary bioaccumulation fish quantification thesis 2006 ftntaiwanuniv 2025-03-05T20:36:14Z 持久性有機污染物由於在環境中具有持久性、毒性、累積性及長程輸送等特性，造成其在全球不同生態系統的生物體內之累積現象及危害，因此引起國際社會之重視並謀求解決之道。國外針對此一生物累積現象已有許多相關之研究，但是這些研究多半著重於水質相對穩定之內海或湖泊等生態區域內，和本地已知之污染區域多數位於水質變動之河口區域有所不同；且國外所研究之區域多數是屬於溫帶至寒帶區域，其生態系統和台灣本地處於熱帶或亞熱帶氣候區域之生態勢必有所差異。在考量不同氣候環境及生態系統之差異下，本研究之主要目的在探討環境及生態因子對持久性有機污染物在亞熱帶河口地區之生態系統內分布情形之影響，並特別著重暴露於底泥的水棲生物之累積特性及累積程度之探討。在本研究中，選定台南二仁溪流域作為研究區域，並以多氯聯苯為研究標的物。考量之影響因子則包括豐枯水所造成之季節性變異、生物棲地之差異、物種及營養階層間之差異以及持久性污染物之物理化學特性等。藉由在二仁溪流域及鄰近區域內所採取之底泥及魚類樣品之濃度及指紋圖譜，建立底泥和底棲攝食性魚類中多氯聯苯來源之相關性；同時透過營養階層和攝食習性之差異，建立魚體體內多氯聯苯暴露量之模式。 本研究分析2002至2004年雨季前後在二仁溪流域中所採取之底泥及大鱗鮻(Liza macrolepis)之多氯聯苯的含量及同源物分佈，發現與降雨後河口區域之底泥中多氯聯苯含量及低氯數同源物種之比例有同時增加之現象，顯示雨季後所造成底泥中多氯聯苯型態之改變，反映至以底泥為主要食物來源之魚體體內，亦表示底泥是居住在此受污染河口之水棲生物的主要多氯聯苯暴露來源。為更進一步證實此論點，分別採取河口區域附近之養殖池及安平港航道內之大鱗鮻魚體樣本，發現二仁溪河口之魚體樣本會因為棲息於受污染嚴重之生態系統而有顯著較高之體內含量，而養殖池之樣本體內具有最低之污染物負荷及較高之低氯數物種，表示其未與受污染之底泥直接接觸，所以主要之暴露途徑為經由大氣輸送。安平港航道內之樣本則因為其污染年代較久而具有最高之高氯數物種比例。經由不同棲地之特性所觀察到之魚體體內濃度及型態，可以推論出大鱗鮻體內之暴露途徑受棲地之影響，同時佐證河口滯留型魚體之暴露途徑主要來自於受污染之底泥。 本研究同時以光纖作為介質以量測污染物之活性及傳輸方向，結果顯示污染物之傳輸方向為由底層底泥向表層底泥，然後擴及水體及水棲生物體內。此再次驗證前述污染物之累積途徑及累積程度之差異。 兩大類十種不同營養階層的魚種，包括虱目魚(C. chanos)、鯔魚(M. cephalus)、環球海鰶(N. come)、大鱗鮻(L. macrolepis)、班海鯰(A. maculates)等底棲生活性魚種，以及布氏金梭魚(S. putnamiae)、白帶魚(T. lepturus)、海鰱(E. machnata)、大甲鰺(M. cordyla)及大眼海鰱(M. cyprinoides)等上層迴游性魚種之分析結果顯示，底棲攝食性魚種之體內多氯聯苯累積量隨其營養階層增加而增加。多氯聯苯同源物在魚體體內和底泥內之比值(BSAF) 隨KOW值增加而增加，其中並以logKOW值在6.5至7.0之間的同源物種累積量最高，表示物質之疏水性是影響其累積程度之重要因子。但是logKOW值大於7.0之同源物種的累積量會逐步下降，其累積量下降之原因可能是因為這些物質受到結構阻力，而造成其在動力上較不易進入生物體內，同時因為代謝較慢而未及進入體內便被排泄掉而減低其累積量。 依據前述研究所得污染物之傳輸方向，本研究利用生物消化腔放大倍率半經驗式及簡化之逸壓平衡模式來推估由底泥暴露至魚體內多氯聯苯之累積量。本研究生物消化腔放大倍率半經驗式所求得之結果為 (r2 = 0.90)。所求得不同同源物之放大倍率在log KOW小於7時和Gobas等人(1993)之結果相近，約在1.4至3.8倍之間。但是在log KOW大於7時則較低，其原因則可能是因為這些高KOW物質具有較低之吸收速率或較高之進入細胞的結構阻力而使體內之逸壓小於排泄物之逸壓，同時造成本研究所得之放大倍率較Gobas等人以排泄物中含量代表體內含量之觀測值為低。逸壓平衡模式由於最具有理論基礎，所以應用性也最高，但必須輸入大量之模式參數。由預測值和觀測值之間的回歸直線斜率接近1(1.33)，顯示其預測結果有相當之參考性。 本研究所得之結果，不論是在建立魚体和底泥之間之暴露途徑、食物鏈之累積特性或是預測模式之發展，對於未來在預測污染物之傳輸、評估消費者之風險及訂定底泥整治基準上，均提供了相當重要之貢獻。 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), with high bioaccumulation potential and hazard to biota ... Thesis Arctic National Taiwan University Institutional Repository (NTUR) |
| spellingShingle | 多氯聯苯 二仁溪河口 生物累積:魚 量化 PCBs Er-Jen estuary bioaccumulation fish quantification 傅崇德 Fu, Chung-Te 量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究 |
| title | 量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究 |
| title_full | 量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究 |
| title_fullStr | 量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究 |
| title_full_unstemmed | 量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究 |
| title_short | 量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究 |
| title_sort | 量化環境及生態因子對多氯聯苯在熱帶河口魚體體內分佈影響之研究 |
| topic | 多氯聯苯 二仁溪河口 生物累積:魚 量化 PCBs Er-Jen estuary bioaccumulation fish quantification |
| topic_facet | 多氯聯苯 二仁溪河口 生物累積:魚 量化 PCBs Er-Jen estuary bioaccumulation fish quantification |
| url | http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/62600 http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/62600/1/ntu-95-D90541001-1.pdf |