1950年代東亞氣候突變

突變(abrupt change)是指一個維持五到十年以上的環流場突然有大規模的改變,跳躍到另一個穩定環流場的狀態。本研究以1950年代初期台灣夏季氣溫的突變為出發點,探討突變的區域以及可能造成突變發生的原因。 首先,為了確立50年代初期的突變是否存在於全球,使用了Yasunaka(2002)提出的方法,發現除了氣溫以外,海溫及氣壓的全球性突變並不顯著。雖然突變不是全球性,但在美洲、非洲、印度附近等地亦可以發現在50年代初期有突變現象。另外,針對區域性突變來看,使用Yonetani(1992)提出之方法,發現東亞區域(90-140E,20-50N)有明顯的突變,並得到環流場的分佈變化。在50年...

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Main Authors: 羅資婷, Lo, Tzu-Ting
Other Authors: 許晃雄, 臺灣大學:大氣科學研究所
Format: Thesis
Language:Chinese
English
Published: 2004
Subjects:
PDO
Online Access:http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/49998
http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/49998/1/ntu-93-R91229014-1.pdf
id ftntaiwanuniv:oai:140.112.114.62:246246/49998
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection National Taiwan University Institutional Repository (NTUR)
op_collection_id ftntaiwanuniv
language Chinese
English
topic 突變
太平洋年代振盪
delay
abrupt change
PDO
spellingShingle 突變
太平洋年代振盪
delay
abrupt change
PDO
羅資婷
Lo, Tzu-Ting
1950年代東亞氣候突變
topic_facet 突變
太平洋年代振盪
delay
abrupt change
PDO
description 突變(abrupt change)是指一個維持五到十年以上的環流場突然有大規模的改變,跳躍到另一個穩定環流場的狀態。本研究以1950年代初期台灣夏季氣溫的突變為出發點,探討突變的區域以及可能造成突變發生的原因。 首先,為了確立50年代初期的突變是否存在於全球,使用了Yasunaka(2002)提出的方法,發現除了氣溫以外,海溫及氣壓的全球性突變並不顯著。雖然突變不是全球性,但在美洲、非洲、印度附近等地亦可以發現在50年代初期有突變現象。另外,針對區域性突變來看,使用Yonetani(1992)提出之方法,發現東亞區域(90-140E,20-50N)有明顯的突變,並得到環流場的分佈變化。在50年代過後,東亞大陸上氣溫下降,台灣附近海面一直到黑潮延伸區域為海溫上升的趨勢,在氣壓方面,東亞區域在50年代過後有氣壓上升的結果。由環流變化場亦可發現,台灣附近季風槽減弱,且海陸溫差降低,可間接推論50年代過後季風有減弱的趨勢。 探討造成50年代突變的原因,考慮到50年代與PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation)相位變化的年份1947年很相近,且黑潮延伸地帶的海溫升高與PDO cold phase相近的因素,因而加以討論50年代東亞地區的突變與PDO兩者之間的關係。參考Latif and Barnett(1994,1996)、Deser(1996,1999)以及Qiu(2003)提出有關PDO delay效應影響黑潮延伸區域溫度的三種機制,我們試著將50年代初期過後的溫度變化與氣壓場的變化配合在一起,發現黑潮延伸區域(Kuroshio extention)在50年代過後增暖,且北方高壓增強,decadal海溫的移動變化從1947年過後先往西再往南移動,為逆轉現象,也就是說在1947年PDO 的相位發生改變過後,中北太平洋海溫增暖,暖水將會隨著時間往西且往南傳遞,使黑潮延伸區域及其南方海面增暖的時間有4-5年的延遲變化(delay)。考慮上述種種分析的結果,發現50年代突變的環流場與其演進情形與Deser理論相近,推測1950年代初期突變的原因,有可能為PDO在1947年造成的中北太平洋增暖現象,經羅士比波(Rossby wave)調整造成4-5年的delay,造成1950年代初期整個東亞區域突變的發生。 Abrupt change is characterized by a significant change between the two steady states, continuing more than 5 years. In the present study, we have a start to investigate the 1950’s abrupt change of Taiwan, and research the area of abrupt change and how it happened. First, by the approach of Yasunaka, we find that the global suddenly change of 1950’s is obvious in temperature but not in sea surface temperature and sea level pressure. Even though that, we still find some place with the shift, like America, Africa and India. Then, we use the method of Yonetani (1992) to detect regional abrupt change, and find an apparent one in east-asia (90°-140°E, 20°-50°N). After regime shift, temperature decreased in most eastern asia, and increased in coast of eastern asia, especially in Kuroshio extension. There was also a tendency that the pressure increased as a whole. Because circulation changed like above, monsoon though which was near Taiwan weakened and temperature difference decreased, monsoon was inferred to descend after 1950’s. The reason caused abrupt change is discussed. Because the time of abrupt change was close to transition of PDO and the warmth of kuroshio extention was very similar to cold phase of PDO, we try to find the relationship between the abrupt change and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). To compare the delay viewpoints of Latif et al. (1996)、Deser(1999) and Bo Qiu (2003), we match up the variation of temperature and pressure. Some information searched out that kuroshio extention warmed, with anticyclone on its north, and decadal change of sea surface temperature moved westly then southly after 1947, the transition of PDO. So kuroshio extention and the southern part warmed after 4-5 years, because the reason of delay. Thinking of a point of view above, we consider the 1950’s abrupt change is similar to Deser(1999). So we infer the reason which make the abrupt change happened in east-asia is the delay of PDO, adjusted by rossby wave through 4-5 years. 摘要 …………………………………………………………………i 英文摘要 ……………………………………………………………ii 目錄 …………………………………………………………………iii 圖表說明 ……………………………………………………………v 第一章、前言 …………………………………………………………1 1.1前人研究過的突變 ……………………………………1 1.2研究動機 ………………………………………………5 第二章、資料來源與分析方法 ………………………………………7 2.1資料來源 ………………………………………………7 2.2分析方法 ………………………………………………8 第三章、台灣地區突變現象的確立與探討 …………………………10 3.1確定台灣地區的突變 …………………………………10 3.2台灣氣溫的時間序列與全球的相關分析 ……………10 3.2.1全球陸溫 ………………………………………11 3.2.2全球海溫 ………………………………………12 3.2.3全球氣壓 ………………………………………12 第四章、1950年代初期突變的型態及環流配置……………………14 4.1是否為全球性突變 ……………………………………14 4.2是否有區域性突變 ……………………………………16 4.2.1氣候場的改變… ………………………………16 4.2.2存在於1950年代初期的區域性突變…………18 4.3氣壓變化的驗證 ………………………………………20 4.4.降雨的變化 ……………………………………………21 第五章、發生突變的原因探討 ………………………………………23 5.1太平洋十年際震盪的各種延遲效應理論 ……………24 5.2各理論與實際結果之比較 ……………………………30 第六章、結論與討論 …………………………………………………33 6.1季節變化與年代際變化的相互影響……………………34 6.2 1950初期突變更進一步的討論 ………………………36 參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………38 附圖 ……………………………………………………………………45
author2 許晃雄
臺灣大學:大氣科學研究所
format Thesis
author 羅資婷
Lo, Tzu-Ting
author_facet 羅資婷
Lo, Tzu-Ting
author_sort 羅資婷
title 1950年代東亞氣候突變
title_short 1950年代東亞氣候突變
title_full 1950年代東亞氣候突變
title_fullStr 1950年代東亞氣候突變
title_full_unstemmed 1950年代東亞氣候突變
title_sort 1950年代東亞氣候突變
publishDate 2004
url http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/49998
http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/49998/1/ntu-93-R91229014-1.pdf
geographic Pacific
geographic_facet Pacific
genre Arctic
genre_facet Arctic
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Alexander, and M. S. Timlin, 1996: Upper-ocean thermal variations in the north Pacific during 1970-1991. J. Climate, 9, 1840-1855. Deser, C., M. A. Alexander, and M. S. Timlin, 1999: Evidence for a wind-driven intensification of the Kuroshio Current Extension from the 1970s to the 1980s. J. Climate, 12, 1697-1706. Diaz, H. F. and R. G. Quayle, 1980: The climate of the United States since 1885: Spatial and temporal changes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 249-266. DKRZ, 1992:The ECHAM-3 atmospheric general circulation model.Tech. Rep. 6, 184 pp. [Available from DKRZ, Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.] Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, R. Wilde, M. Ponater, and S. Schubert, 1994: On the roles of tropical and midlatitude SSTs in forcing interannual to interdecadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation. J. Climate, 7, 1416-1442. Hare, S.R. and R.C. Francis. 1995. Climate Change and Salmon Production in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. In: R.J. 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spelling ftntaiwanuniv:oai:140.112.114.62:246246/49998 2023-05-15T14:28:30+02:00 1950年代東亞氣候突變 An analysis of abrupt climate change around 1950's 羅資婷 Lo, Tzu-Ting 許晃雄 臺灣大學:大氣科學研究所 2004 3159702 bytes application/pdf http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/49998 http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/49998/1/ntu-93-R91229014-1.pdf zh-TW en_US chi eng 盧孟明和麥如俊,2003:台灣與全球雨量長期變化研究 (一) 1920-1995變化趨勢。大氣科學,31,199-219。 Alexander, M. A., 1992: Midlatitude atmosphere ocean interaction during El Nino. 1. The North Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 5, 944-958. Basnett, T.A. and Parker,D.E., 1997: Development of the Global Mean Sea Level Pressure Data Set GMSLP2. Hadley Centre Climate Research Technical Note CRTN 79. Bjerknes, J., 1966: A possible reponse to the atmosphere Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies of temperature. Tellus, 18, 820-829. Cayan, D. R., A. J. Miller, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, J. N. Ritchie, and J. M. Oberhuber, 1995: Seasonal-interannual fluctuations in surface temperature over the Pacific: effects of monthly winds and heat fluxes. Natural Climate Variability on Decadal-to-Century Time Scales, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 133-150. Chu, P. S. and Zhao, X., 2004: Bayesian change-point analysis of tropical cyclone activity: the central north pacific case. J. Climate, accepted. Deser, C., M. A. Alexander, and M. S. Timlin, 1996: Upper-ocean thermal variations in the north Pacific during 1970-1991. J. Climate, 9, 1840-1855. Deser, C., M. A. Alexander, and M. S. Timlin, 1999: Evidence for a wind-driven intensification of the Kuroshio Current Extension from the 1970s to the 1980s. J. Climate, 12, 1697-1706. Diaz, H. F. and R. G. Quayle, 1980: The climate of the United States since 1885: Spatial and temporal changes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 249-266. DKRZ, 1992:The ECHAM-3 atmospheric general circulation model.Tech. Rep. 6, 184 pp. [Available from DKRZ, Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.] Graham, N. E., T. P. Barnett, R. Wilde, M. Ponater, and S. Schubert, 1994: On the roles of tropical and midlatitude SSTs in forcing interannual to interdecadal variability in the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation. J. Climate, 7, 1416-1442. Hare, S.R. and R.C. Francis. 1995. Climate Change and Salmon Production in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. In: R.J. Beamish [ed.] Ocean climate and northern fish populations. Can. spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 121, pp. 357-372. Hurrell, J. W., 1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 269, 676-679. Karl, T. R. and W. E. Riebsame, 1984: The identification of 10- to 20-year temperature and precipitation fluctuations in the contiguous United States. J. Climate and appl. Met., 23, 950-966. Kelly, P. M., P. D. Jones, C. B. Sear, B. S. G. Cherry and R. K. Tavakol, 1982: Variations in surface air temperature; Part 2. Arctic regions, 1881-1980. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 71-83. Knutson, T. R., and S. Manabe, 1998: Model assessment of decadal and trends in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 11, 2273-2296. Latif, M., and T. P. Barnett, 1994: Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America. Science, 266, 634-637. Latif, M., and T. P. Barnett, 1996: Decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America: Dynamics and predictability. J. Climate, 9, 2407-2423. Lau, N. C., 1997: Interactions between global SST anomalies and midlatitude atmospheric circulation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 21-33. Liu, J., H. von Storch, E. Zorita, X. Chen, S. Wang, 2003: Simulated and reconstructed temperature in China since 1550AD. Manuscript. Luksch, U., and H. von Storch, 1992: Modeling the low frequency sea surface temperature variability in the North Pacific. J. Climate, 5, 893-906. Mantua, Nathan J., Hare, Steven R., Zhang, Yuan, Wallace, John M., Francis, Robert C. 1997: A Pacific Interdecadal Climate Oscillation with Impacts on Salmon Production. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 1069–1079. Miller, A. J., D. R. Cayan, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, and J. M. Oberhuber, 1994a: Interdecadal variability of the Pacific Ocean: Model response to observed heat flux and wind stress anomalies. Clim. Dyn., 9, 287-302. Miller, A. J., D. R. Cayan, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, and J. M. Oberhuber, 1994b: The 1976-77 climate shift of the Pacific Ocean. Oceanography, 7, 21-26. Miller, A. J., D. R. Cayan, W. B. White, 1998: A westward-intensified decadal change in the north Pacific thermocline and gyre-scale circulation. J. Climate, 11, 3112-3127. Miller, A. J. and N. Schneider, 2000: Interdecadal climate regime dynamics in the North Pacific Ocean: theories, observations and ecosystem impacts. Oceanography, 47, 355-379. Minobe, S., 1997: A 50-70 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and the North America. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 683-686. Minobe, S., 1999: Resonance in bidecadal and pentadecadal climate oscillations over the North Pacific: Role in climatic regime shifes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 855-858. New, Mark, Hulme, Mike, Jones, Phil. 2000: Representing Twentieth-Century Space–Time Climate Variability. Part II: Development of 1901–96 Monthly Grids of Terrestrial Surface Climate. J.Climate, 13, 2217–2238. Nitta, T., 1986: Long-term variations of cloud amount in the western Pacific region. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 64, 895-911. Nitta, T., 1987: Convective activities in the Tropical Western Pacific and their impact on the Northern Hemisphere summer circulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 65, 373-390. Nitta, T. and S. Yamada, 1989: Recent warming of tropical sea surface temperature and its relationship to the Northern Hemisphere circulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 67, 375-383. 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Climate., 10, 1004-1020. 突變 太平洋年代振盪 delay abrupt change PDO thesis 2004 ftntaiwanuniv 2016-02-19T23:48:14Z 突變(abrupt change)是指一個維持五到十年以上的環流場突然有大規模的改變,跳躍到另一個穩定環流場的狀態。本研究以1950年代初期台灣夏季氣溫的突變為出發點,探討突變的區域以及可能造成突變發生的原因。 首先,為了確立50年代初期的突變是否存在於全球,使用了Yasunaka(2002)提出的方法,發現除了氣溫以外,海溫及氣壓的全球性突變並不顯著。雖然突變不是全球性,但在美洲、非洲、印度附近等地亦可以發現在50年代初期有突變現象。另外,針對區域性突變來看,使用Yonetani(1992)提出之方法,發現東亞區域(90-140E,20-50N)有明顯的突變,並得到環流場的分佈變化。在50年代過後,東亞大陸上氣溫下降,台灣附近海面一直到黑潮延伸區域為海溫上升的趨勢,在氣壓方面,東亞區域在50年代過後有氣壓上升的結果。由環流變化場亦可發現,台灣附近季風槽減弱,且海陸溫差降低,可間接推論50年代過後季風有減弱的趨勢。 探討造成50年代突變的原因,考慮到50年代與PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation)相位變化的年份1947年很相近,且黑潮延伸地帶的海溫升高與PDO cold phase相近的因素,因而加以討論50年代東亞地區的突變與PDO兩者之間的關係。參考Latif and Barnett(1994,1996)、Deser(1996,1999)以及Qiu(2003)提出有關PDO delay效應影響黑潮延伸區域溫度的三種機制,我們試著將50年代初期過後的溫度變化與氣壓場的變化配合在一起,發現黑潮延伸區域(Kuroshio extention)在50年代過後增暖,且北方高壓增強,decadal海溫的移動變化從1947年過後先往西再往南移動,為逆轉現象,也就是說在1947年PDO 的相位發生改變過後,中北太平洋海溫增暖,暖水將會隨著時間往西且往南傳遞,使黑潮延伸區域及其南方海面增暖的時間有4-5年的延遲變化(delay)。考慮上述種種分析的結果,發現50年代突變的環流場與其演進情形與Deser理論相近,推測1950年代初期突變的原因,有可能為PDO在1947年造成的中北太平洋增暖現象,經羅士比波(Rossby wave)調整造成4-5年的delay,造成1950年代初期整個東亞區域突變的發生。 Abrupt change is characterized by a significant change between the two steady states, continuing more than 5 years. In the present study, we have a start to investigate the 1950’s abrupt change of Taiwan, and research the area of abrupt change and how it happened. First, by the approach of Yasunaka, we find that the global suddenly change of 1950’s is obvious in temperature but not in sea surface temperature and sea level pressure. Even though that, we still find some place with the shift, like America, Africa and India. Then, we use the method of Yonetani (1992) to detect regional abrupt change, and find an apparent one in east-asia (90°-140°E, 20°-50°N). After regime shift, temperature decreased in most eastern asia, and increased in coast of eastern asia, especially in Kuroshio extension. There was also a tendency that the pressure increased as a whole. Because circulation changed like above, monsoon though which was near Taiwan weakened and temperature difference decreased, monsoon was inferred to descend after 1950’s. The reason caused abrupt change is discussed. Because the time of abrupt change was close to transition of PDO and the warmth of kuroshio extention was very similar to cold phase of PDO, we try to find the relationship between the abrupt change and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). To compare the delay viewpoints of Latif et al. (1996)、Deser(1999) and Bo Qiu (2003), we match up the variation of temperature and pressure. Some information searched out that kuroshio extention warmed, with anticyclone on its north, and decadal change of sea surface temperature moved westly then southly after 1947, the transition of PDO. So kuroshio extention and the southern part warmed after 4-5 years, because the reason of delay. Thinking of a point of view above, we consider the 1950’s abrupt change is similar to Deser(1999). So we infer the reason which make the abrupt change happened in east-asia is the delay of PDO, adjusted by rossby wave through 4-5 years. 摘要 …………………………………………………………………i 英文摘要 ……………………………………………………………ii 目錄 …………………………………………………………………iii 圖表說明 ……………………………………………………………v 第一章、前言 …………………………………………………………1 1.1前人研究過的突變 ……………………………………1 1.2研究動機 ………………………………………………5 第二章、資料來源與分析方法 ………………………………………7 2.1資料來源 ………………………………………………7 2.2分析方法 ………………………………………………8 第三章、台灣地區突變現象的確立與探討 …………………………10 3.1確定台灣地區的突變 …………………………………10 3.2台灣氣溫的時間序列與全球的相關分析 ……………10 3.2.1全球陸溫 ………………………………………11 3.2.2全球海溫 ………………………………………12 3.2.3全球氣壓 ………………………………………12 第四章、1950年代初期突變的型態及環流配置……………………14 4.1是否為全球性突變 ……………………………………14 4.2是否有區域性突變 ……………………………………16 4.2.1氣候場的改變… ………………………………16 4.2.2存在於1950年代初期的區域性突變…………18 4.3氣壓變化的驗證 ………………………………………20 4.4.降雨的變化 ……………………………………………21 第五章、發生突變的原因探討 ………………………………………23 5.1太平洋十年際震盪的各種延遲效應理論 ……………24 5.2各理論與實際結果之比較 ……………………………30 第六章、結論與討論 …………………………………………………33 6.1季節變化與年代際變化的相互影響……………………34 6.2 1950初期突變更進一步的討論 ………………………36 參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………38 附圖 ……………………………………………………………………45 Thesis Arctic National Taiwan University Institutional Repository (NTUR) Pacific