Deep-Sea Sampling on CMarZ Cruises in the Atlantic Ocean – an Introduction

• Main Authors: Wiebe, Peter, Bucklin, Ann, Madin, Laurence P., Angel, Martin V., Sutton, Tracey, Pages, Francescn, Hopcroft, Russell R., Lindsay, Dhugal
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: unknown
• Published: NSUWorks 2010
• Subjects: Zooplankton; Fish; Mesopelagic; Bathypelagic; DNA barcode; Diversity; Atlantic Ocean; Sargasso Sea; Marine Biology; Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology; Northwest Atlantic
• Online Access: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facarticles/513

The deep-sea zooplankton assemblage is hypothesized to have high species diversity, with low abundances of each species. However, even rare species may have huge population sizes and play a critical role in the dynamics of deep-sea environments. The Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMarZ) study sought to accurately assess zooplankton diversity in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the subtropical/tropical of the northwest and eastern sections of the Atlantic Ocean using integrated morphological and molecular analysis of large-volume samples to depths of 5,000 m. The field surveys in April 2006 and November 2007 included scientists and students associated with the CMarZ. The cruise field work entailed at-sea analysis of samples and identification of specimens by expert taxonomists, with at-sea DNA sequencing to determine a barcode (i.e., a short DNA sequence for species recognition) for selected species. Environmental data and zooplankton samples were collected with 1-m2 and 10-m2opening/closing MOCNESS (0–1000 m and 1000–5000 m, respectively), and with either a 0.25-m2MOCNESS or a 0.5-m2 Multi-net above 1000 m. More than 500 species were identified and more than 1000 specimens placed in a queue for barcoding on each cruise; several hundred species were barcoded at sea. For several taxonomic groups, a significant fraction of the region’s known species were collected and identified. For example, in the northwest Atlantic 93 of 140 known ostracod species for the Atlantic Ocean were collected, 6 undescribed species were found, and the first DNA barcode for a planktonic ostracod was obtained. The deployment of trawls with fine-mesh nets to sample large volumes at great depths for small zooplankton confirmed that there is considerable species diversity at depth, with more species yet to be discovered.