Description of ice types and ice conditions
Ice forms in water bodies under the influence of climate, oceanography, and the geography of the surrounding land. It grows as a result of thermal processes and mechanical processes. First‐year level sea ice can grow thermally to a maximum thickness of about 2 and 2.5 m in extreme winters. Ice floes...
Main Author: | |
---|---|
Format: | Book Part |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Wiley
2017
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118476406.emoe010 https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=318d47ef-577a-4878-bd02-0ae904ebc753 https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=318d47ef-577a-4878-bd02-0ae904ebc753 |
id |
ftnrccanada:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:318d47ef-577a-4878-bd02-0ae904ebc753 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftnrccanada:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:318d47ef-577a-4878-bd02-0ae904ebc753 2023-05-15T18:18:21+02:00 Description of ice types and ice conditions Frederking, Robert 2017-04-20 text https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118476406.emoe010 https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=318d47ef-577a-4878-bd02-0ae904ebc753 https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=318d47ef-577a-4878-bd02-0ae904ebc753 eng eng Wiley Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering, ISBN: 9781118476352, Publication date: 2017-04-20, Pages: 1–14 doi:10.1002/9781118476406.emoe010 book chapter 2017 ftnrccanada https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118476406.emoe010 2021-09-01T06:35:02Z Ice forms in water bodies under the influence of climate, oceanography, and the geography of the surrounding land. It grows as a result of thermal processes and mechanical processes. First‐year level sea ice can grow thermally to a maximum thickness of about 2 and 2.5 m in extreme winters. Ice floes interacting with each other can build accumulations of broken ice, ridges, which can attain sail heights of 5 m and keel depths of 25 m, but are usually smaller. In some seas, the ice does not completely melt in summer and perennial accumulation of deformed multi‐year ice can reach thicknesses greater than 10 m. Large seasonal and interannular variations in ice are normal and superimposed on them are the effects of longer term climate changes. Different sea areas have varying combinations of these ice types throughout the year. The likely ice conditions encountered in various sea areas of interest for marine and offshore operations are described. Peer reviewed: Yes NRC publication: Yes Book Part Sea ice National Research Council Canada: NRC Publications Archive 1 14 Chichester, UK |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
National Research Council Canada: NRC Publications Archive |
op_collection_id |
ftnrccanada |
language |
English |
description |
Ice forms in water bodies under the influence of climate, oceanography, and the geography of the surrounding land. It grows as a result of thermal processes and mechanical processes. First‐year level sea ice can grow thermally to a maximum thickness of about 2 and 2.5 m in extreme winters. Ice floes interacting with each other can build accumulations of broken ice, ridges, which can attain sail heights of 5 m and keel depths of 25 m, but are usually smaller. In some seas, the ice does not completely melt in summer and perennial accumulation of deformed multi‐year ice can reach thicknesses greater than 10 m. Large seasonal and interannular variations in ice are normal and superimposed on them are the effects of longer term climate changes. Different sea areas have varying combinations of these ice types throughout the year. The likely ice conditions encountered in various sea areas of interest for marine and offshore operations are described. Peer reviewed: Yes NRC publication: Yes |
format |
Book Part |
author |
Frederking, Robert |
spellingShingle |
Frederking, Robert Description of ice types and ice conditions |
author_facet |
Frederking, Robert |
author_sort |
Frederking, Robert |
title |
Description of ice types and ice conditions |
title_short |
Description of ice types and ice conditions |
title_full |
Description of ice types and ice conditions |
title_fullStr |
Description of ice types and ice conditions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Description of ice types and ice conditions |
title_sort |
description of ice types and ice conditions |
publisher |
Wiley |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118476406.emoe010 https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=318d47ef-577a-4878-bd02-0ae904ebc753 https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=318d47ef-577a-4878-bd02-0ae904ebc753 |
genre |
Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Sea ice |
op_relation |
Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering, ISBN: 9781118476352, Publication date: 2017-04-20, Pages: 1–14 doi:10.1002/9781118476406.emoe010 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118476406.emoe010 |
container_start_page |
1 |
op_container_end_page |
14 |
op_publisher_place |
Chichester, UK |
_version_ |
1766194897786765312 |