Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective
Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design...
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3081649 https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 |
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ftnorskinstvf:oai:niva.brage.unit.no:11250/3081649 2023-08-27T04:08:29+02:00 Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective Calabrese, Sara Imsland, Albert K. D. Nilsen, Tom Ole Kolarevic, Jelena Ebbesson, Lars O.E. Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen Fivelstad, Sveinung Pedrosa, Cindy Terjesen, Bendik Fyhn Stefansson, Sigurd O. Takle, Harald Rune Sveier, Harald Mathisen, Frode Handeland, Sigurd Olav 2023 application/pdf https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3081649 https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 eng eng MDPI Fishes. 2023, 8 (6), 285. urn:issn:2410-3888 https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3081649 https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 cristin:2163281 Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no © The Author(s) 2023 16 8 Fishes 6 285 Peer reviewed Journal article 2023 ftnorskinstvf https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 2023-08-02T22:46:25Z Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design and dimensioning of such systems. In this experiment, post-smolts were exposed to four levels of specific water flow: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 L kg fish−1 min−1. All treatments involved flow-through seawater with full oxygenation, a salinity of 34‰, and a mean temperature of 9.3 °C. The stocking density was kept stable at 75 kg m−3. Water pH decreased with reduced flow, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water increased. The increase in water CO2 was reflected in the blood with increased pCO2, HCO3−, and decreased Cl− in the lowest water flow treatment (0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1), indicating a typical regulatory response to increased water CO2 over the eight-week experimental period. No negative effects on osmoregulation, external macroscopic welfare, or performance indicators were observed, suggesting that within the time period of this experiment, post-smolts can compensate for reductions in water flow down to 0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1. However, to avoid activating and exhausting potentially energy-costly physiological regulatory mechanisms, it is suggested to keep specific water flow above 0.3 L kg fish−1 min−1 in large-scale operations with semi-closed sea systems at intermediate temperatures. publishedVersion Article in Journal/Newspaper Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Norwegian Institute for Water research: NIVA Open Access Archive (Brage) Fishes 8 6 285 |
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Open Polar |
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Norwegian Institute for Water research: NIVA Open Access Archive (Brage) |
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ftnorskinstvf |
language |
English |
description |
Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design and dimensioning of such systems. In this experiment, post-smolts were exposed to four levels of specific water flow: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 L kg fish−1 min−1. All treatments involved flow-through seawater with full oxygenation, a salinity of 34‰, and a mean temperature of 9.3 °C. The stocking density was kept stable at 75 kg m−3. Water pH decreased with reduced flow, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water increased. The increase in water CO2 was reflected in the blood with increased pCO2, HCO3−, and decreased Cl− in the lowest water flow treatment (0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1), indicating a typical regulatory response to increased water CO2 over the eight-week experimental period. No negative effects on osmoregulation, external macroscopic welfare, or performance indicators were observed, suggesting that within the time period of this experiment, post-smolts can compensate for reductions in water flow down to 0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1. However, to avoid activating and exhausting potentially energy-costly physiological regulatory mechanisms, it is suggested to keep specific water flow above 0.3 L kg fish−1 min−1 in large-scale operations with semi-closed sea systems at intermediate temperatures. publishedVersion |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Calabrese, Sara Imsland, Albert K. D. Nilsen, Tom Ole Kolarevic, Jelena Ebbesson, Lars O.E. Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen Fivelstad, Sveinung Pedrosa, Cindy Terjesen, Bendik Fyhn Stefansson, Sigurd O. Takle, Harald Rune Sveier, Harald Mathisen, Frode Handeland, Sigurd Olav |
spellingShingle |
Calabrese, Sara Imsland, Albert K. D. Nilsen, Tom Ole Kolarevic, Jelena Ebbesson, Lars O.E. Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen Fivelstad, Sveinung Pedrosa, Cindy Terjesen, Bendik Fyhn Stefansson, Sigurd O. Takle, Harald Rune Sveier, Harald Mathisen, Frode Handeland, Sigurd Olav Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
author_facet |
Calabrese, Sara Imsland, Albert K. D. Nilsen, Tom Ole Kolarevic, Jelena Ebbesson, Lars O.E. Hosfeld, Camilla Diesen Fivelstad, Sveinung Pedrosa, Cindy Terjesen, Bendik Fyhn Stefansson, Sigurd O. Takle, Harald Rune Sveier, Harald Mathisen, Frode Handeland, Sigurd Olav |
author_sort |
Calabrese, Sara |
title |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_short |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_full |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_fullStr |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_full_unstemmed |
Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective |
title_sort |
water flow requirements of post-smolt atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) reared in intensive seawater flow-through systems: a physiological perspective |
publisher |
MDPI |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3081649 https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 |
genre |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
genre_facet |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
op_source |
16 8 Fishes 6 285 |
op_relation |
Fishes. 2023, 8 (6), 285. urn:issn:2410-3888 https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3081649 https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 cristin:2163281 |
op_rights |
Navngivelse 4.0 Internasjonal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.no © The Author(s) 2023 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285 |
container_title |
Fishes |
container_volume |
8 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
285 |
_version_ |
1775349297461592064 |