GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient
Snow water equivalent (SWE) can be measured using low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors with one antenna placed below the snowpack and another one serving as a reference above the snow. The underlying GNSS signal-based algorithm for SWE determination for dry- and wet-snow condit...
Published in: | The Cryosphere |
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Copernicus Publications
2022
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ftnonlinearchiv:oai:noa.gwlb.de:cop_mods_00060169 2023-05-15T18:32:33+02:00 GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient Capelli, Achille Koch, Franziska Henkel, Patrick Lamm, Markus Appel, Florian Marty, Christoph Schweizer, Jürg 2022-02 electronic https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00060169 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00059818/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf eng eng Copernicus Publications The Cryosphere -- ˜Theœ Cryosphere -- http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2393169 -- http://www.the-cryosphere.net/ -- 1994-0424 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00060169 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00059818/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ uneingeschränkt info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC-BY article Verlagsveröffentlichung article Text doc-type:article 2022 ftnonlinearchiv https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 2022-02-14T00:09:36Z Snow water equivalent (SWE) can be measured using low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors with one antenna placed below the snowpack and another one serving as a reference above the snow. The underlying GNSS signal-based algorithm for SWE determination for dry- and wet-snow conditions processes the carrier phases and signal strengths and additionally derives liquid water content (LWC) and snow depth (HS). So far, the algorithm was tested intensively for high-alpine conditions with distinct seasonal accumulation and ablation phases. In general, snow occurrence, snow amount, snow density and LWC can vary considerably with climatic conditions and elevation. Regarding alpine regions, lower elevations mean generally earlier and faster melting, more rain-on-snow events, and shallower snowpack. Therefore, we assessed the applicability of the GNSS-based SWE measurement at four stations along a steep elevation gradient (820, 1185, 1510 and 2540 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Swiss Alps during two winter seasons (2018–2020). Reference data of SWE, LWC and HS were collected manually and with additional automated sensors at all locations. The GNSS-derived SWE estimates agreed very well with manual reference measurements along the elevation gradient, and the accuracy (RMSE = 34 mm, RMSRE = 11 %) was similar under wet- and dry-snow conditions, although significant differences in snow density and meteorological conditions existed between the locations. The GNSS-derived SWE was more accurate than measured with other automated SWE sensors. However, with the current version of the GNSS algorithm, the determination of daily changes of SWE was found to be less suitable compared to manual measurements or pluviometer recordings and needs further refinement. The values of the GNSS-derived LWC were robust and within the precision of the manual and radar measurements. The additionally derived HS correlated well with the validation data. We conclude that SWE can reliably be determined using low-cost GNSS sensors under a broad range of climatic conditions, and LWC and HS are valuable add-ons. Article in Journal/Newspaper The Cryosphere Niedersächsisches Online-Archiv NOA The Cryosphere 16 2 505 531 |
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English |
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article Verlagsveröffentlichung |
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article Verlagsveröffentlichung Capelli, Achille Koch, Franziska Henkel, Patrick Lamm, Markus Appel, Florian Marty, Christoph Schweizer, Jürg GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
topic_facet |
article Verlagsveröffentlichung |
description |
Snow water equivalent (SWE) can be measured using low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors with one antenna placed below the snowpack and another one serving as a reference above the snow. The underlying GNSS signal-based algorithm for SWE determination for dry- and wet-snow conditions processes the carrier phases and signal strengths and additionally derives liquid water content (LWC) and snow depth (HS). So far, the algorithm was tested intensively for high-alpine conditions with distinct seasonal accumulation and ablation phases. In general, snow occurrence, snow amount, snow density and LWC can vary considerably with climatic conditions and elevation. Regarding alpine regions, lower elevations mean generally earlier and faster melting, more rain-on-snow events, and shallower snowpack. Therefore, we assessed the applicability of the GNSS-based SWE measurement at four stations along a steep elevation gradient (820, 1185, 1510 and 2540 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Swiss Alps during two winter seasons (2018–2020). Reference data of SWE, LWC and HS were collected manually and with additional automated sensors at all locations. The GNSS-derived SWE estimates agreed very well with manual reference measurements along the elevation gradient, and the accuracy (RMSE = 34 mm, RMSRE = 11 %) was similar under wet- and dry-snow conditions, although significant differences in snow density and meteorological conditions existed between the locations. The GNSS-derived SWE was more accurate than measured with other automated SWE sensors. However, with the current version of the GNSS algorithm, the determination of daily changes of SWE was found to be less suitable compared to manual measurements or pluviometer recordings and needs further refinement. The values of the GNSS-derived LWC were robust and within the precision of the manual and radar measurements. The additionally derived HS correlated well with the validation data. We conclude that SWE can reliably be determined using low-cost GNSS sensors under a broad range of climatic conditions, and LWC and HS are valuable add-ons. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Capelli, Achille Koch, Franziska Henkel, Patrick Lamm, Markus Appel, Florian Marty, Christoph Schweizer, Jürg |
author_facet |
Capelli, Achille Koch, Franziska Henkel, Patrick Lamm, Markus Appel, Florian Marty, Christoph Schweizer, Jürg |
author_sort |
Capelli, Achille |
title |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_short |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_full |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_fullStr |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_full_unstemmed |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_sort |
gnss signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00060169 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00059818/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf |
genre |
The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
The Cryosphere |
op_relation |
The Cryosphere -- ˜Theœ Cryosphere -- http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2393169 -- http://www.the-cryosphere.net/ -- 1994-0424 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00060169 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00059818/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ uneingeschränkt info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
505 |
op_container_end_page |
531 |
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1766216727040884736 |