Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice
Ikaite (CaCO3 · 6H2O) is a metastable phase of calcium carbonate that normally forms in a cold environment and/or under high pressure. Recently, ikaite crystals have been found in sea ice, and it has been suggested that their precipitation may play an important role in air–sea CO2 exchange in ice-co...
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ftnonlinearchiv:oai:noa.gwlb.de:cop_mods_00019360 2023-05-15T18:16:15+02:00 Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice Rysgaard, S. Wang, F. Galley, R. J. Grimm, R. Notz, D. Lemes, M. Geilfus, N.-X. Chaulk, A. Hare, A. A. Crabeck, O. Else, B. G. T. Campbell, K. Sørensen, L. L. Sievers, J. Papakyriakou, T. 2014-08 electronic https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00019360 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00019315/tc-8-1469-2014.pdf https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/8/1469/2014/tc-8-1469-2014.pdf eng eng Copernicus Publications The Cryosphere -- ˜Theœ Cryosphere -- http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2393169 -- http://www.the-cryosphere.net/ -- 1994-0424 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00019360 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00019315/tc-8-1469-2014.pdf https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/8/1469/2014/tc-8-1469-2014.pdf uneingeschränkt info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess article Verlagsveröffentlichung article Text doc-type:article 2014 ftnonlinearchiv https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014 2022-02-08T22:52:41Z Ikaite (CaCO3 · 6H2O) is a metastable phase of calcium carbonate that normally forms in a cold environment and/or under high pressure. Recently, ikaite crystals have been found in sea ice, and it has been suggested that their precipitation may play an important role in air–sea CO2 exchange in ice-covered seas. Little is known, however, of the spatial and temporal dynamics of ikaite in sea ice. Here we present evidence for highly dynamic ikaite precipitation and dissolution in sea ice grown at an outdoor pool of the Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF) in Manitoba, Canada. During the experiment, ikaite precipitated in sea ice when temperatures were below −4 °C, creating three distinct zones of ikaite concentrations: (1) a millimeter-to-centimeter-thin surface layer containing frost flowers and brine skim with bulk ikaite concentrations of >2000 μmol kg−1, (2) an internal layer with ikaite concentrations of 200–400 μmol kg−1, and (3) a bottom layer with ikaite concentrations of <100 μmol kg−1. Snowfall events caused the sea ice to warm and ikaite crystals to dissolve. Manual removal of the snow cover allowed the sea ice to cool and brine salinities to increase, resulting in rapid ikaite precipitation. The observed ikaite concentrations were on the same order of magnitude as modeled by FREZCHEM, which further supports the notion that ikaite concentration in sea ice increases with decreasing temperature. Thus, varying snow conditions may play a key role in ikaite precipitation and dissolution in sea ice. This could have a major implication for CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and ocean that has not been accounted for previously. Article in Journal/Newspaper Sea ice The Cryosphere Niedersächsisches Online-Archiv NOA Canada The Cryosphere 8 4 1469 1478 |
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English |
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article Verlagsveröffentlichung |
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article Verlagsveröffentlichung Rysgaard, S. Wang, F. Galley, R. J. Grimm, R. Notz, D. Lemes, M. Geilfus, N.-X. Chaulk, A. Hare, A. A. Crabeck, O. Else, B. G. T. Campbell, K. Sørensen, L. L. Sievers, J. Papakyriakou, T. Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice |
topic_facet |
article Verlagsveröffentlichung |
description |
Ikaite (CaCO3 · 6H2O) is a metastable phase of calcium carbonate that normally forms in a cold environment and/or under high pressure. Recently, ikaite crystals have been found in sea ice, and it has been suggested that their precipitation may play an important role in air–sea CO2 exchange in ice-covered seas. Little is known, however, of the spatial and temporal dynamics of ikaite in sea ice. Here we present evidence for highly dynamic ikaite precipitation and dissolution in sea ice grown at an outdoor pool of the Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF) in Manitoba, Canada. During the experiment, ikaite precipitated in sea ice when temperatures were below −4 °C, creating three distinct zones of ikaite concentrations: (1) a millimeter-to-centimeter-thin surface layer containing frost flowers and brine skim with bulk ikaite concentrations of >2000 μmol kg−1, (2) an internal layer with ikaite concentrations of 200–400 μmol kg−1, and (3) a bottom layer with ikaite concentrations of <100 μmol kg−1. Snowfall events caused the sea ice to warm and ikaite crystals to dissolve. Manual removal of the snow cover allowed the sea ice to cool and brine salinities to increase, resulting in rapid ikaite precipitation. The observed ikaite concentrations were on the same order of magnitude as modeled by FREZCHEM, which further supports the notion that ikaite concentration in sea ice increases with decreasing temperature. Thus, varying snow conditions may play a key role in ikaite precipitation and dissolution in sea ice. This could have a major implication for CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and ocean that has not been accounted for previously. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Rysgaard, S. Wang, F. Galley, R. J. Grimm, R. Notz, D. Lemes, M. Geilfus, N.-X. Chaulk, A. Hare, A. A. Crabeck, O. Else, B. G. T. Campbell, K. Sørensen, L. L. Sievers, J. Papakyriakou, T. |
author_facet |
Rysgaard, S. Wang, F. Galley, R. J. Grimm, R. Notz, D. Lemes, M. Geilfus, N.-X. Chaulk, A. Hare, A. A. Crabeck, O. Else, B. G. T. Campbell, K. Sørensen, L. L. Sievers, J. Papakyriakou, T. |
author_sort |
Rysgaard, S. |
title |
Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice |
title_short |
Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice |
title_full |
Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice |
title_fullStr |
Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice |
title_full_unstemmed |
Temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice |
title_sort |
temporal dynamics of ikaite in experimental sea ice |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2014 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00019360 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00019315/tc-8-1469-2014.pdf https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/8/1469/2014/tc-8-1469-2014.pdf |
geographic |
Canada |
geographic_facet |
Canada |
genre |
Sea ice The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
Sea ice The Cryosphere |
op_relation |
The Cryosphere -- ˜Theœ Cryosphere -- http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2393169 -- http://www.the-cryosphere.net/ -- 1994-0424 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00019360 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00019315/tc-8-1469-2014.pdf https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/8/1469/2014/tc-8-1469-2014.pdf |
op_rights |
uneingeschränkt info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1469-2014 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
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8 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
1469 |
op_container_end_page |
1478 |
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1766189744932257792 |