A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway
The first gravity determinations in Norway were made by Edward Sabine in 1823 with a pendulum instrument by Henry Kater. Seventy years later a Sterneck pendulum was acquired by the Norwegian Commission for the International Arc Measurements. It improved the precision and eventually reduced the bias...
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Copernicus Publications
2016
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ftnonlinearchiv:oai:noa.gwlb.de:cop_mods_00011300 2023-05-15T15:18:49+02:00 A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway Pettersen, Bjørn Ragnvald 2016-10 electronic https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-79-2016 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00011300 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00011257/hgss-7-79-2016.pdf https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/7/79/2016/hgss-7-79-2016.pdf eng eng Copernicus Publications History of Geo- and Space Sciences -- http://www.hist-geo-space-sci.net/ -- http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2563575 -- 2190-5029 https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-79-2016 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00011300 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00011257/hgss-7-79-2016.pdf https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/7/79/2016/hgss-7-79-2016.pdf uneingeschränkt info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess article Verlagsveröffentlichung article Text doc-type:article 2016 ftnonlinearchiv https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-79-2016 2022-02-08T22:56:34Z The first gravity determinations in Norway were made by Edward Sabine in 1823 with a pendulum instrument by Henry Kater. Seventy years later a Sterneck pendulum was acquired by the Norwegian Commission for the International Arc Measurements. It improved the precision and eventually reduced the bias of the absolute calibration from 85 to 15 mGal. The last pendulum observations in Norway were made in 1955 with an instrument from Cambridge University. At a precision of ±1 mGal, the purpose was to calibrate a section of the gravity line from Rome, Italy, to Hammerfest, Norway. Relative spring gravimeters were introduced in Norway in 1946 and were used to densify and expand the national gravity network. These data were used to produce regional geoids for Norway and adjacent ocean areas. Improved instrument precision allowed them to connect Norwegian and foreign fundamental stations as well. Extensive geophysical prospecting was made, as in other countries. The introduction of absolute gravimeters based on free-fall methods, especially after 2004, improved the calibration by 3 orders of magnitude and immediately revealed the secular changes of the gravity field in Norway. This was later confirmed by satellite gravimetry, which provides homogeneous data sets for global and regional gravity models. The first-ever determinations of gravity at sea were made by pendulum observations onboard the Norwegian polar vessel Fram during frozen-in conditions in the Arctic Ocean in 1893–1896. Simultaneously, an indirect method was developed at the University of Oslo for deducing gravity at sea with a hypsometer. The precision of both methods was greatly superseded by relative spring gravimeters 50 years later. They were employed extensively both at sea and on land. When GPS allowed precise positioning, relative gravimeters were mounted in airplanes to cover large areas of ocean faster than before. Gravimetry is currently being applied to study geodynamical phenomena relevant to climate change. The viscoelastic postglacial land uplift of Fennoscandia has been detected by terrestrial gravity time series as well as by satellite gravimetry. Corrections for local effects of snow load, hydrology, and ocean loading at coastal stations have been improved. The elastic adjustment of present-day melting of glaciers at Svalbard and in mainland Norway has been detected. Gravimetry is extensively employed at offshore oil facilities to monitor the subsidence of the ocean floor during oil and gas extraction. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Ocean Climate change Fennoscandia Hammerfest Svalbard Niedersächsisches Online-Archiv NOA Arctic Arctic Ocean Kater ENVELOPE(-59.833,-59.833,-63.817,-63.817) Norway Sterneck ENVELOPE(-61.017,-61.017,-64.183,-64.183) Svalbard History of Geo- and Space Sciences 7 2 79 89 |
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Niedersächsisches Online-Archiv NOA |
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ftnonlinearchiv |
language |
English |
topic |
article Verlagsveröffentlichung |
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article Verlagsveröffentlichung Pettersen, Bjørn Ragnvald A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway |
topic_facet |
article Verlagsveröffentlichung |
description |
The first gravity determinations in Norway were made by Edward Sabine in 1823 with a pendulum instrument by Henry Kater. Seventy years later a Sterneck pendulum was acquired by the Norwegian Commission for the International Arc Measurements. It improved the precision and eventually reduced the bias of the absolute calibration from 85 to 15 mGal. The last pendulum observations in Norway were made in 1955 with an instrument from Cambridge University. At a precision of ±1 mGal, the purpose was to calibrate a section of the gravity line from Rome, Italy, to Hammerfest, Norway. Relative spring gravimeters were introduced in Norway in 1946 and were used to densify and expand the national gravity network. These data were used to produce regional geoids for Norway and adjacent ocean areas. Improved instrument precision allowed them to connect Norwegian and foreign fundamental stations as well. Extensive geophysical prospecting was made, as in other countries. The introduction of absolute gravimeters based on free-fall methods, especially after 2004, improved the calibration by 3 orders of magnitude and immediately revealed the secular changes of the gravity field in Norway. This was later confirmed by satellite gravimetry, which provides homogeneous data sets for global and regional gravity models. The first-ever determinations of gravity at sea were made by pendulum observations onboard the Norwegian polar vessel Fram during frozen-in conditions in the Arctic Ocean in 1893–1896. Simultaneously, an indirect method was developed at the University of Oslo for deducing gravity at sea with a hypsometer. The precision of both methods was greatly superseded by relative spring gravimeters 50 years later. They were employed extensively both at sea and on land. When GPS allowed precise positioning, relative gravimeters were mounted in airplanes to cover large areas of ocean faster than before. Gravimetry is currently being applied to study geodynamical phenomena relevant to climate change. The viscoelastic postglacial land uplift of Fennoscandia has been detected by terrestrial gravity time series as well as by satellite gravimetry. Corrections for local effects of snow load, hydrology, and ocean loading at coastal stations have been improved. The elastic adjustment of present-day melting of glaciers at Svalbard and in mainland Norway has been detected. Gravimetry is extensively employed at offshore oil facilities to monitor the subsidence of the ocean floor during oil and gas extraction. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Pettersen, Bjørn Ragnvald |
author_facet |
Pettersen, Bjørn Ragnvald |
author_sort |
Pettersen, Bjørn Ragnvald |
title |
A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway |
title_short |
A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway |
title_full |
A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway |
title_fullStr |
A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway |
title_full_unstemmed |
A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway |
title_sort |
historical review of gravimetric observations in norway |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-79-2016 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00011300 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00011257/hgss-7-79-2016.pdf https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/7/79/2016/hgss-7-79-2016.pdf |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-59.833,-59.833,-63.817,-63.817) ENVELOPE(-61.017,-61.017,-64.183,-64.183) |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Kater Norway Sterneck Svalbard |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Kater Norway Sterneck Svalbard |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Climate change Fennoscandia Hammerfest Svalbard |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Climate change Fennoscandia Hammerfest Svalbard |
op_relation |
History of Geo- and Space Sciences -- http://www.hist-geo-space-sci.net/ -- http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2563575 -- 2190-5029 https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-79-2016 https://noa.gwlb.de/receive/cop_mods_00011300 https://noa.gwlb.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/cop_derivate_00011257/hgss-7-79-2016.pdf https://hgss.copernicus.org/articles/7/79/2016/hgss-7-79-2016.pdf |
op_rights |
uneingeschränkt info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-79-2016 |
container_title |
History of Geo- and Space Sciences |
container_volume |
7 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
79 |
op_container_end_page |
89 |
_version_ |
1766348990731780096 |