カナダ･イヌイットの社会･経済変化 : ケベック州のイヌクジュアク村の事例を中心に

• Main Authors: 岸上 伸啓, Nobuhiro Kishigami
• Format: Report
• Language: Japanese
• Published: 国立民族学博物館 1997
• Subjects: カナダ・イヌイット｜経済変化｜狩猟者支援プログラム｜貨幣避猟の影響｜食物分配; Canada Inuit｜economic change｜hunter support program｜impacts of casheconomy｜food sharing; Arctic; Nunavik; Canada; Inukjuak; inuit
• Online Access: https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=4164; http://hdl.handle.net/10502/3138; https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=4164&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1

Before the 1960s, subsistence among the Canadian Inuit involvedforaging, food sharing and social relationships which provided anorganizational framework for these activities [WENzEL 1991]. Foragingactivities were organized according to extended family and co-habitationrelationships, and the products of these activities were shared andconsumed according to the same relationships. The various aspects ofsubsistence activity were causally dependent upon each other.It is a fact that the arctic fur trade, and subsequently a larger casheconomy, did not necessarily harm the Inuit socioeconomic system andcould co-exist with it. Cash has helped the Inuit continue their foragingactivities until the present. The Inuit have purchased snowmobiles,boats with outboard engines, rifles and ammunition, nets, gasoline, andso on, using money earned in the fur trade, government subsidies andwage labor. The adoption of new technology helped them to maintaintraditional forms of food sharing and consumption, and distinctivesocial relationships.When the European Community banned the import of skins of sealsand arctic foxes in 1983, the fur market ceased abruptly. The CanadianInuit suddenly lost one of thier main income sources and started experiencingsome difficulty in finding enough money for hunting and fishingactivities.In this paper I propose that the decline in hunting and fishing activitieswill lead to a deterioration of food sharing and consumption practicesand a breakdown of social relationships among the Inuit. I examinedthis proposition by visiting Inukjuak village, Nunavik, Canada, inJanuary and February of 1996. The findings were as follows.1. The number of Inuit hunters and fishermen has decreased, whilethat of those who hope to be wage laborers has increased during the last30 years. There has been a clear decline in the subsistence economic sector.However, food sharing and consumption activities and social relationshipswere not yet drastically altered. Food sharing has helped tomaintain and promote integration within ...