Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry
Dissolved iron (DFe) and total dissolvable Fe (TDFe) were measured in January-February 2009 in Pine Island Bay, as well as in the Pine Island and Amundsen polynyas (Amundsen Sea, Southern Ocean). Iron (Fe) has been shown to be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth, even in the productive cont...
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ftnioz:oai:imis.nioz.nl:231002 2023-05-15T13:23:54+02:00 Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry Gerringa, L.J.A. Alderkamp, A.C. Laan, P. Thuróczy, C.E. de Baar, H.J.W. Mills, M.M. van Dijken, G.L. van Haren, H. Arrigo, K.R. 2012 http://imis.nioz.nl/imis.php?module=ref&refid=231002 en eng info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/000305720600003 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.007 http://imis.nioz.nl/imis.php?module=ref&refid=231002 info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess %3Ci%3EDeep-Sea+Res.,+Part+II,+Top.+Stud.+Oceanogr.+71-76%3C%2Fi%3E%3A+16-31.+%3Ca+href%3D%22https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2012.03.007%22+target%3D%22_blank%22%3Ehttps%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2012.03.007%3C%2Fa%3E info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 2012 ftnioz https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.007 2022-05-01T13:56:52Z Dissolved iron (DFe) and total dissolvable Fe (TDFe) were measured in January-February 2009 in Pine Island Bay, as well as in the Pine Island and Amundsen polynyas (Amundsen Sea, Southern Ocean). Iron (Fe) has been shown to be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth, even in the productive continental shelves surrounding the Antarctic continent. However, the polynyas of the Amundsen Sea harbor the highest concentrations of phytoplankton anywhere in Antarctica. Here we present data showing the likely sources of Fe that enable such a productive and long lasting phytoplankton bloom. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) flows over the bottom of the shelf into the Pine Island Bay where DFe and TDFe were observed to increase from 0.2 to 0.4 nM DFe and from 0.3-4.0 to 7-14 nM TDFe, respectively. At the southern end of Pine Island Bay, the CDW upwelled under the Pine Island Glacier, bringing nutrients (including Fe) to the surface and melting the base of the glacier. Concentrations of DFe in waters near the Pine Island Glacier and the more westward lying Crosson, Dotson, and Getz Ice Shelves varied between 0.40 and 1.31 nM, depending on the relative magnitude of upwelling, turbulent mixing, and melting. These values represent maximum concentrations since associated ligands (which increase the solubility of Fe in seawater) were saturated with Fe (Thuroczy et al., 2012). The TDFe concentrations were very high compared to what previously has been measured in the Southern Ocean, varying between 3 and 106 nM. In the Pine Island Polynya, macronutrients and DFe were consumed by the phytoplankton bloom and concentrations were very low. We calculate that atmospheric dust contributed <1% of the Fe necessary to sustain the phytoplankton bloom, while vertical turbulent eddy diffusion from the sediment, sea ice melt, and upwelling contributed 1.0-3.8%, 0.7-2.9%, and 0.4-1.7%, respectively. The largest source was Fe input from the PIG, which could satisfy the total Fe demand by the phytoplankton bloom by lateral advection of Fe over a range of 150 km from the glacier. The role of TDFe as a phytoplankton nutrient remains unclear, perhaps representing an important indirect Fe source via dissolution and complexation by dissolved organic ligands (Gerringa et al., 2000; Borer et al., 2005). Article in Journal/Newspaper Amundsen Sea Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Shelves Pine Island Pine Island Bay Pine Island Glacier Sea ice Southern Ocean NIOZ Repository (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research) Amundsen Sea Antarctic Getz ENVELOPE(-145.217,-145.217,-76.550,-76.550) Island Bay ENVELOPE(-109.085,-109.085,59.534,59.534) Pine Island Bay ENVELOPE(-102.000,-102.000,-74.750,-74.750) Pine Island Glacier ENVELOPE(-101.000,-101.000,-75.000,-75.000) Southern Ocean The Antarctic Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 71-76 16 31 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
NIOZ Repository (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research) |
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ftnioz |
language |
English |
description |
Dissolved iron (DFe) and total dissolvable Fe (TDFe) were measured in January-February 2009 in Pine Island Bay, as well as in the Pine Island and Amundsen polynyas (Amundsen Sea, Southern Ocean). Iron (Fe) has been shown to be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth, even in the productive continental shelves surrounding the Antarctic continent. However, the polynyas of the Amundsen Sea harbor the highest concentrations of phytoplankton anywhere in Antarctica. Here we present data showing the likely sources of Fe that enable such a productive and long lasting phytoplankton bloom. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) flows over the bottom of the shelf into the Pine Island Bay where DFe and TDFe were observed to increase from 0.2 to 0.4 nM DFe and from 0.3-4.0 to 7-14 nM TDFe, respectively. At the southern end of Pine Island Bay, the CDW upwelled under the Pine Island Glacier, bringing nutrients (including Fe) to the surface and melting the base of the glacier. Concentrations of DFe in waters near the Pine Island Glacier and the more westward lying Crosson, Dotson, and Getz Ice Shelves varied between 0.40 and 1.31 nM, depending on the relative magnitude of upwelling, turbulent mixing, and melting. These values represent maximum concentrations since associated ligands (which increase the solubility of Fe in seawater) were saturated with Fe (Thuroczy et al., 2012). The TDFe concentrations were very high compared to what previously has been measured in the Southern Ocean, varying between 3 and 106 nM. In the Pine Island Polynya, macronutrients and DFe were consumed by the phytoplankton bloom and concentrations were very low. We calculate that atmospheric dust contributed <1% of the Fe necessary to sustain the phytoplankton bloom, while vertical turbulent eddy diffusion from the sediment, sea ice melt, and upwelling contributed 1.0-3.8%, 0.7-2.9%, and 0.4-1.7%, respectively. The largest source was Fe input from the PIG, which could satisfy the total Fe demand by the phytoplankton bloom by lateral advection of Fe over a range of 150 km from the glacier. The role of TDFe as a phytoplankton nutrient remains unclear, perhaps representing an important indirect Fe source via dissolution and complexation by dissolved organic ligands (Gerringa et al., 2000; Borer et al., 2005). |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Gerringa, L.J.A. Alderkamp, A.C. Laan, P. Thuróczy, C.E. de Baar, H.J.W. Mills, M.M. van Dijken, G.L. van Haren, H. Arrigo, K.R. |
spellingShingle |
Gerringa, L.J.A. Alderkamp, A.C. Laan, P. Thuróczy, C.E. de Baar, H.J.W. Mills, M.M. van Dijken, G.L. van Haren, H. Arrigo, K.R. Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry |
author_facet |
Gerringa, L.J.A. Alderkamp, A.C. Laan, P. Thuróczy, C.E. de Baar, H.J.W. Mills, M.M. van Dijken, G.L. van Haren, H. Arrigo, K.R. |
author_sort |
Gerringa, L.J.A. |
title |
Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry |
title_short |
Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry |
title_full |
Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry |
title_fullStr |
Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry |
title_full_unstemmed |
Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistry |
title_sort |
iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in amundsen sea (southern ocean): iron biogeochemistry |
publishDate |
2012 |
url |
http://imis.nioz.nl/imis.php?module=ref&refid=231002 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-145.217,-145.217,-76.550,-76.550) ENVELOPE(-109.085,-109.085,59.534,59.534) ENVELOPE(-102.000,-102.000,-74.750,-74.750) ENVELOPE(-101.000,-101.000,-75.000,-75.000) |
geographic |
Amundsen Sea Antarctic Getz Island Bay Pine Island Bay Pine Island Glacier Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
geographic_facet |
Amundsen Sea Antarctic Getz Island Bay Pine Island Bay Pine Island Glacier Southern Ocean The Antarctic |
genre |
Amundsen Sea Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Shelves Pine Island Pine Island Bay Pine Island Glacier Sea ice Southern Ocean |
genre_facet |
Amundsen Sea Antarc* Antarctic Antarctica Ice Shelves Pine Island Pine Island Bay Pine Island Glacier Sea ice Southern Ocean |
op_source |
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op_relation |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/000305720600003 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.007 http://imis.nioz.nl/imis.php?module=ref&refid=231002 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.007 |
container_title |
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography |
container_volume |
71-76 |
container_start_page |
16 |
op_container_end_page |
31 |
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