Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the uptak...
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American Chemical Society
2021
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ftnerc:oai:nora.nerc.ac.uk:530479 2023-05-15T15:00:34+02:00 Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber Garnett, Jack Halsall, Crispin J. Thomas, Max Crabeck, Odile France, James Joerss, Hanna Ebinghaus, Ralf Kaiser, Jan Leeson, Amber Wynn, Peter 2021-07-20 text http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530479/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530479/1/acs.est.1c01645.pdf https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645# en eng American Chemical Society https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530479/1/acs.est.1c01645.pdf Garnett, Jack; Halsall, Crispin J.; Thomas, Max; Crabeck, Odile; France, James orcid:0000-0002-8785-1240 Joerss, Hanna; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Kaiser, Jan; Leeson, Amber; Wynn, Peter. 2021 Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber [in special issue: POPs on the Global Scale: Sources, Distribution, Processes, and Lessons Learned for Chemicals Management] Environmental Science & Technology, 55 (14). 9601-9608. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 <https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645> cc_by_4 CC-BY Publication - Article PeerReviewed 2021 ftnerc 2023-02-04T19:52:12Z Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the uptake, distribution, and release of 10 PFAS of varying carbon chain length (C4–C12) in young sea ice grown from artificial seawater (NaClsolution). We show that PFAS are incorporated into bulk sea ice during ice formation and regression analyses for individual PFAS concentrations in bulk sea ice were linearly related to salinity (r2 = 0.30 to 0.88, n = 18, p < 0.05). This shows that their distribution is strongly governed by the presence and dynamics of brine (high salinity water) within the sea ice. Furthermore, long-chain PFAS (C8–C12), were enriched in bulk ice up to 3-fold more than short-chain PFAS (C4–C7) and NaCl. This suggests that chemical partitioning of PFAS between the different phases of sea ice also plays a role in their uptake during its formation. During sea ice melt, initial meltwater fractions were highly saline and predominantly contained short-chain PFAS, whereas the later, fresher meltwater fractions predominantly contained long-chain PFAS. Our results demonstrate that in highly saline parts of sea ice (near the upper and lower interfaces and in brine channels) significant chemical enrichment (ε) of PFAS can occur with concentrations in brine channels greatly exceeding those in seawater from which it forms (e.g., for PFOA, εrinebrine = 10 ± 4). This observation has implications for biological exposure to PFAS present in brine channels, a common feature of first-year sea ice which is the dominant ice type in a warming Arctic. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Sea ice Natural Environment Research Council: NERC Open Research Archive Arctic |
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Open Polar |
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Natural Environment Research Council: NERC Open Research Archive |
op_collection_id |
ftnerc |
language |
English |
description |
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the uptake, distribution, and release of 10 PFAS of varying carbon chain length (C4–C12) in young sea ice grown from artificial seawater (NaClsolution). We show that PFAS are incorporated into bulk sea ice during ice formation and regression analyses for individual PFAS concentrations in bulk sea ice were linearly related to salinity (r2 = 0.30 to 0.88, n = 18, p < 0.05). This shows that their distribution is strongly governed by the presence and dynamics of brine (high salinity water) within the sea ice. Furthermore, long-chain PFAS (C8–C12), were enriched in bulk ice up to 3-fold more than short-chain PFAS (C4–C7) and NaCl. This suggests that chemical partitioning of PFAS between the different phases of sea ice also plays a role in their uptake during its formation. During sea ice melt, initial meltwater fractions were highly saline and predominantly contained short-chain PFAS, whereas the later, fresher meltwater fractions predominantly contained long-chain PFAS. Our results demonstrate that in highly saline parts of sea ice (near the upper and lower interfaces and in brine channels) significant chemical enrichment (ε) of PFAS can occur with concentrations in brine channels greatly exceeding those in seawater from which it forms (e.g., for PFOA, εrinebrine = 10 ± 4). This observation has implications for biological exposure to PFAS present in brine channels, a common feature of first-year sea ice which is the dominant ice type in a warming Arctic. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Garnett, Jack Halsall, Crispin J. Thomas, Max Crabeck, Odile France, James Joerss, Hanna Ebinghaus, Ralf Kaiser, Jan Leeson, Amber Wynn, Peter |
spellingShingle |
Garnett, Jack Halsall, Crispin J. Thomas, Max Crabeck, Odile France, James Joerss, Hanna Ebinghaus, Ralf Kaiser, Jan Leeson, Amber Wynn, Peter Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber |
author_facet |
Garnett, Jack Halsall, Crispin J. Thomas, Max Crabeck, Odile France, James Joerss, Hanna Ebinghaus, Ralf Kaiser, Jan Leeson, Amber Wynn, Peter |
author_sort |
Garnett, Jack |
title |
Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber |
title_short |
Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber |
title_full |
Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber |
title_fullStr |
Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber |
title_full_unstemmed |
Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber |
title_sort |
investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (pfas) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber |
publisher |
American Chemical Society |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530479/ https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530479/1/acs.est.1c01645.pdf https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645# |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Sea ice |
op_relation |
https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/530479/1/acs.est.1c01645.pdf Garnett, Jack; Halsall, Crispin J.; Thomas, Max; Crabeck, Odile; France, James orcid:0000-0002-8785-1240 Joerss, Hanna; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Kaiser, Jan; Leeson, Amber; Wynn, Peter. 2021 Investigating the uptake and fate of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in sea ice using an experimental sea ice chamber [in special issue: POPs on the Global Scale: Sources, Distribution, Processes, and Lessons Learned for Chemicals Management] Environmental Science & Technology, 55 (14). 9601-9608. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 <https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645> |
op_rights |
cc_by_4 |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
_version_ |
1766332657262657536 |